The document discusses the classification of different types of tissues in the human body. It describes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue. It then focuses on epithelial tissue and provides details on the classification, structure and function of simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous and transitional epithelium.
The document discusses the classification of different types of tissues in the human body. It describes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue. It then focuses on epithelial tissue and provides details on the classification, structure and function of simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous and transitional epithelium.
The document discusses the classification of different types of tissues in the human body. It describes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue. It then focuses on epithelial tissue and provides details on the classification, structure and function of simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous and transitional epithelium.
The document discusses the classification of different types of tissues in the human body. It describes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissue. It then focuses on epithelial tissue and provides details on the classification, structure and function of simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous and transitional epithelium.
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Lab Activity 4
Classification of Tissues Martini Chapter 4
Institut Pendidikan Guru, KPM
PJM3106 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Tissues • Groups of cells similar in structure and function • Each tissue is then further subdivided into categories. • All organs are made of a combination of different tissues. • The four types of tissues • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nerve 2 Epithelial Tissue Distinguishing Characteristics
1. Cellularity: Composed almost entirely of cells
2. Polarity: apical and basal surfaces (top and a bottom) 3. Attachment: Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane) 4. Avascular: Contains no blood vessels: obtains nutrients by diffusion 5. Regeneration: Rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division 3 Classification of Epithelia 1. First name: • Simple: one layer • Stratified: more than one layer 2. Second name: • Based on the shape of the top layer of cells • Squamous (flat) • Cuboidal (square) • Columnar (rectangle) 3. Two additional categories • Transitional • Pseudostratified 4 Classification of Epithelia
5 Classification of Epithelia
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
6 Simple Squamous Epithelium • Single layer of flattened cells with disc- shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
7 Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Top View
8 9 Simple Squamous Epithelium
10 Simple Squamous Epithelium • Functions: 1. Diffusion • Alveoli in the respiratory system allows for exchange of O2 and CO2 2. Filtration • Capillaries allow fluid and other substances out and holds blood cells and proteins in 3. Lubrication • Secretes lubricating substances in serosae 11 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium • Single layer of cube like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
12 13 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
14 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium • Functions: 1. Secretion • Glands such as the thyroid are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and secrete hormones ect… 2. Absorption • In the kidney, the proximal convoluted tubule is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and reabsorbs water and other nutrients from the filtered fluid 15 Simple Columnar Epithelium
• Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei toward
the basal surface • Goblet cells are often found in this layer
16 Simple Columnar Epithelium
17 Simple Columnar Epithelium
18 Simple Columnar Epithelium • Functions 1. Secretion • Example: In the stomach, these cells secrete digestive enzymes 2. Absorption • Example: In the intestine, these cells absorb nutrients
19 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface • Nuclei are seen at different levels • May be ciliated (PCCE) or non-ciliated
22 Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium (PCCE) • Functions 1. Protection • Example: Lines the upper respiratory tract. The cilia sweep debris toward the throat 2. Secretion • Example: May contain goblet cells (unicellular glands) that secrete mucus
23 Stratified Squamous Epithelium • Composed of several layers of cells • Top layer flat • Bottom layers any shape • Function in protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
24 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
•Non-keratinized •Composed of several layers of cells •Top layer flat •Bottom layers any shape
25 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Non-Keratinized
26 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Non-Keratinized • Functions 1. Physical protection against abrasion and pathogens • Non-Keratinized is associated with “moist” areas • Mouth • Throat • Esophagus • Anus • Vagina 27 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratinized
Looks “flakey” on the top
28 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratinized
29 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Keratinized • Functions 1. Physical Protection • Found only in the epidermis of the skin • Keratin is a protein that helps strengthen the cells against abrasion
30 Transitional Epithelium • Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal • Apical cells are dome shaped when not stretched • Apical cells are flat when stretched • Only found in Urinary System • Functions: 1. Allows expansion and recoil after stretching
31 Transitional Epithelium
Distended bladder Empty bladder
32 Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar
• Typically two cell layers thick
• Rare
• Functions: 1. Secretion • Found in some sweat and mammary glands
33 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
34 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
35 Stratified Columnar Epithelium • Limited distribution in the body • To tell the difference between this and pseudostratified columnar, look at the nucleus. • The nuclei are lined up in a straight row
• Function 1. Protection • Found in the pharynx, male urethra, lining some glandular ducts, and anus
39 Connective Tissue Features 1. Specialized cells 2. Matrix: Nonliving material between the cells that makes up most of the volume (ground substance + fibers) • Extracellular fibers • Ground substance: Composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans • Specific composition varies between tissues (Blood=fluid, Cartilage=gel like, Bone=Solid) 40 Connective Tissue Fibers • Collagen Fibers: Fibrous protein molecules • Extremely tough • High tensile strength • Strongest type of fibers in connective tissue.
41 Connective Tissue Fibers • Elastic Fibers: Form branching networks • Elastin: a rubber like protein that allow it to act like a rubber band and snap back to its original shape after it is stretched • Reticular Fibers: Forming delicate networks • Fine collagenous fibers (with a different chemical structure) branch extensively • Surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue organs
42 Cells of Connective Tissue Proper 1. Fibroblasts: Secrete the matrix 2. Macrophages: Scavenger cells that engulf pathogens or damaged cells 3. Adipocytes: Fat cells 4. Mesenchymal Cells: Stem cells 5. Mast cells: Stimulate local inflammation: contain histamine and heparin 6. Lymphocytes/microphages: WBC involved in immunity 43 Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose) • Gel like matrix • Contains all 3 fiber types • Functions: 1. Wraps and cushions organs 2. Holds and conveys tissue fluid • Locations: 1. Under epithelial tissues 2. Packages organs 3. Surrounds capillaries 44 Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose)
