Unit 1 & 2 Final - PPT (PPS)
Unit 1 & 2 Final - PPT (PPS)
Unit 1 & 2 Final - PPT (PPS)
Implementation
Howlett and Ramesh (2003) , Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and
Policy Subsystems ,2nd edition ,Oxford University Press
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Unit Learning Outcomes
Up on the completion of this unit, you will be able to:
Describe the concepts of public policy;
2001, 20).
Policy is the mechanism by which government has direct contact
Orders
Public statements
Official regulations
The driving forces for public policies are scarcity and rational
7. Policy making is not only about solving problems, but about how
groups are formed to achieve public purposes.
Public Policy: What does it means Cont…
problem-solving
PP is what Governments actually do and what subsequently
happens
Public policy may be either positive or negative in form
political choices
Public Policy: What does it means Cont…
Policy issues can be divided into two categories: those already on
proactive.
Public Policy: What does it means Cont…
distinguished are:
Policy statements are formal expressions of public policy
(legislative statutes, executive orders, administrative rules and
regulations, court opinions, etc); and
Policy outputs are actions actually taken in pursuance of policy
breathe, touch, use, ride, inject, or ingest, from our birth to our
death (Gupta 2001, 1).
The Why of public policy study (Rationales) Cont…
o Government sets air and water quality standards, criteria for serving
Governments also:
regulate conflict within society;
categorized as:
Theoretical/professional/practical, and
Political reasons
The Why of public policy study (Rationales) Cont…
1) Theoretical/professional/practical
decisions, etc.
Citizens have good reason to develop policy knowledge and skills as
it affects their life whether in their career life through the professions,
programs, institutions, etc.
The Why of public policy study (Rationales) Cont…
Citizens are also required to know and comply with public policies as
interparty competitions,
policymaking processes,
2) Political Reasons
o Politically, the study of public policy helps policy makers to
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1.3 The Field of public policy (Historical Perspective)
Origin of Public policy and Political science
o Scholars argue that public policy emerged from political
science; it is argued to be a 20th century creation (dating back to
around 1922).
o Other scholars hold that the study of public policy is only 50 years
beginning with Harold Lasswell’s (1958) call for the
development of a distinctive policy science.
ways:
Some students of public policy focus on the political, cultural,
instance:
Implication
The interdisciplinary nature of PP has both strength and
weakness.
Strength, because the discipline draws upon the best insights from
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1.4 What makes public policy “public”?
Classical liberalism advances the view that the notions of
separation of power and federalism in governance process is
determined in the constitution of nation-states. i.e. classical
liberalism is the dominant ideological foundation of a given
nation’s constitutional system (e.g. separation of power and
federalism).
consents to it.
o Government power is yoked to the needs and preferences of individuals
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Past Models of Policymaking Cont…
b) Coequal arrangement
Figure (b) bellow, illustrates the coequal model: a vertical line
political bosses
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Past Models of Policymaking Cont…
Policy (legislators)
Policy (legislators)
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Past Models of Policymaking Cont…
c) A mixture-in-administration model
Figure ‘c’ below shows that elected officials prevent
d) A mixture-in-policy model
Figure ‘d’ describes the increasing role of bureaucracy in public
policy making.
According to Gupta (2001), three developments fostered this rapid
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particularly in local government:
Past Models of Policymaking Cont…
the demand for increased public service (e.g. crime control,
regulation.
Past Models of Policymaking Cont…
Policy Policy
Administration
Administration
Source: Based on James H. Svara (1995) as in Gupta (2001, 4)
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Questions for group work & reflection
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Questions for reflection, group work & research
1. Differentiate the concepts of policy, public policy, and policy
management. What about the concepts of strategy and policy?
2. Distinguish the concepts of laws, regulations, orders, and
policy
3. Explain the relationships among public policy process / policy
formulation & implementation/, public policy analysis & public
policy research
4. Why do people need public policy/ what are rationales?
5. Why do we study public policy as citizen?
6. Outline the relationships between public administration and
public policy
7. Review the historical development of public policy
8. Research the roles and challenges of public managers in policy
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making process
Unit TWO
making
public policy ?
What does it mean when we say the environmental factors help
& implementation
Briefly explain the determinants and types of political culture
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Questions for reflection and group work Cont…
1. Constitution
It is one of the major determining foundations or factors that
often and how fast policy issues are identified, set into agenda,
deliberated and brought to adoption
Public policies are the product of what constitution envisages for
E.g.
In presidential governance, the president can veto policy decisions
situations.
Foundations of Public Policy Cont…
governments to make sure that policies designed are within their accords and
even to the benefit of the entire nation.
Such creative initiatives by states shape policies and states are considered as
“laboratories of democracy”.
In many federal countries, states share governing responsibilities with
government, government that takes time to consider the various aspects and
affected interests in any legislation, is very essential to make policy that is of
63majority’s consent.
Foundations of Public Policy Cont…
3. Ideological
The ideological basis on which countries operate affects the type and
Hence, the nature of ideological stance may/may not allow quick shift
of policies.
Foundations of Public Policy Cont…
For fear of unwarranted policy change, it is believed that certain
more than they influence you” (Clemons & McBeth 2001, 16).
Politics is concerned with who participates in and who shapes
the decisions that governments make; who gains and who loses
as a result (Kraft and Furlong 2004, 6).
As a result, the precise relationship of politics to public policy may
actions might affect their chances of reelection (Kraft and Furlong: 6).
o Thus, policy makers are more sensitive to the views of the groups and
individuals who helped them win the office in the first place and whose
endorse, restrain or change public policies abruptly or much slower than imagined.
In some democratic countries like US, ideological and political stability prevents sudden
shifts in ideas or hasty adoption of policy fads as the founders of the countries designed the
The moral of the story is that all of the above foundations result in
full jobs
Child care (should government help parents pay for it? Or,
***Policy implications
Economic planning such as, five-years plans, annual
budgets, and soon on
Economic policies, such as monetary, fiscal and
income policies
These policies may also in turn lead to economic
problems like national debt, budget deficit, trade
deficit, inflation, unemployment, etc.
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3. Political context
it is impossible to understand public policy without considering
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Types of political culture
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Types of political culture Cont…
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governmental action that may be authoritarian in style
Types of political culture Cont…
• In some instances, frustration and resentment may build until
decision-making.
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Types of political culture Cont…
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4. Technological context
Consists of those factors that are related to the knowledge
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Technological context Cont…
Technological development, stages of development, changes and
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5. Global/international environment
The international/global environment consists of all those factors
that operate at the transnational, cross-cultural, and
across-the-border level which have an impact on national policy
interests of nations
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Global/international environment Cont…
d) Information failure:
citizens’ needs. For some, the states are the “new heroes” of
issue or set of issues at any point in time. So, the views of the
Thank You