Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University: Introduction To Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University: Introduction To Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University: Introduction To Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
University
Introduction to Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology
Dr. Bharat Parekh
School of Technology
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Gandhinagar-382007
Gujarat, India
Plan of the Talk
• Nanoscience-Definition
• Background
• Lesson from Nature
• Building nano structures
• Synthesis of nanomaterials (CdTe)
• Applications in different field
• Nano Industry
• Summary
Introduction
• A biological system can be exceedingly small. Many of
the cells are very tiny, but they are very active; they
manufacture various substances; they walk around;
they wiggle; and they do all kinds of marvelous things
—all on a very small scale. Also, they store
information. Consider the possibility that we too can
make a thing very small that does what we want—that
we can manufacture an object that maneuvers at that
level.
(From the talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” delivered by Richard
P. Feynman at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the
California institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, on December 29, 1959.)
What is Nanoscience?
When people talk about Nanoscience, many start by
describing things
• Physicists and Material Scientists point to things like new
nanocarbon materials:
Intel 4004: The original "computer on a chip" - 1971 (Source: UVA Virtual Lab)
MOORE'S LAW: The (then almost whimsical) 1965 observation by Intel co-
founder Gordon Moore that the transistor count for integrated
circuits seemed to be doubling every 18-24 months
He was really sticking his neck out: IC's had only been invented 7 years before!
(by Moore, his Fairchild/Intel colleagues, and Texas Instrument's Jack Kilby)
But his "law" has since been followed for forty five years:
(Source: www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm)
skin
Source: http://www.materialsworld.net/nclt/docs/Introduction%20to%20Nano%201-18-05.pdf
History of Nanomaterials
• 1974 The word Nanotechnology first coined by Nario
Taniguchi, Univ. of Tokyo --- production technology
to get ultra fine accuracy and precision – 1nm
Lycrugus
Lycrugus cup with
cup with
focused light
diffused
light
History of Nanomaterials
(wikipedia)
•Great demo
•Buy ferrofluid, use
•Synthesize ferrofluid
Nanoscience Is Everywhere
in Nature
http://dallas.bizjournals.com/dallas/stories/2001/09/10/focus2.html?page=3
So How Did We Get Here?
New Tools!
As tools change, what we can see
and do changes
Using Light to See
Sources: http://www.cambridge.edu.au/education/PracticeITBook2/Microscope.jpg
http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/760000/images/_764022_red_blood_cells300.jpg
Using Electrons to See
• Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs),
invented in the 1930s, let us see objects as
small as 10 nanometers
– Bounce electrons off of surfaces to create images
– Higher resolution due to small size of electrons
(4000x)
• Scanning probe
microscopes,
developed in the
1980s, give us a new
way to “see” at the
nanoscale
• We can now see About 25 nanometers
really small
things, like atoms,
This is about how big atoms are
and move them too! compared with the tip of the
microscope
Source: Scientific American, Sept. 2001
Scanning Probe Microscopes
Source: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/GRAPHIC0/GEOMORPH/SurfaceVol0.gif
Nanogold
Source: http://www.nano.uts.edu.au/pics/au_atoms.jpg
Nanostructures
Source: http://www.library.utoronto.ca/engineering-computer-science/news_bulletin/images/nanotube.jpeg
Carbon Buckyballs (C60)
Model of Buckminsterfullerene
Source: http://digilander.libero.it/geodesic/buckyball-2Layer1.jpg
Biological Nanomachines in Nature
• Atom-by-atom assembly
– Like bricklaying, move atoms into place one
at a time using tools like the AFM and STM
IBM logo assembled
• Chisel away atoms from individual xenon
– Like a sculptor, chisel out material from a atoms
surface until the desired structure emerges
• Self assembly
– Set up an environment so atoms assemble
automatically. Nature uses self assembly
(e.g., cell membranes)
Polystyrene
spheres self-
assembling
Source: http://www.phys.uri.edu/~sps/STM/stm10.jpg; http://www.nanoptek.com/digitalptm.html
Example: Self Assembly By Crystal Growth
• CdSe nanocrystals
• CdO + oleic acid + octadecene
• Heat to 250° C to dissolve the CdO
• Materials • Technology
– Stain-resistant clothes – Better data storage
and computation
• Health Care • Environment
– Chemical and biological – Clean energy, clean air
sensors, drugs and
delivery devices
Thin layers of gold are used in Carbon nanotubes can be used Possible entry point for
tiny medical devices
47 for H fuel storage nanomedical device
Materials: Stain Resistant Clothes
Nano pants that refuse to stain; Nano-Care fabrics with water, cranberry juice,
Liquids bead up and roll off vegetable oil, and mustard after 30 minutes (left)
and wiped off with wet paper towel (right)
48 http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218391840&cat=3_5
Sources:
http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/IPSE/educators/activities/nanoTex.html
Materials: Paint That Doesn’t Chip
• Protective nanopaint
for cars
– Water and dirt repellent
– Resistant to chipping
and scratches
– Brighter colors, Mercedes covered with tougher, shinier
nanopaint
enhanced gloss
– In the future, could
change color and self-
repair?
49
Sources: http://www.supanet.com/motoring/testdrives/news/40923/
Environment: Paint That Cleans Air
• Nanopaint on buildings
could reduce pollution
– When exposed to
ultraviolet light, titanium
dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles
in paint break down organic
and inorganic pollutants
Buildings as air purifiers?
that wash off in the rain
– Decompose air pollution
particles like formaldehyde
50
Sources: http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/metro/userobject1ai710823.html
Environment: Nano Solar Cells
] 200 nm
51
Source: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar.html
Technology: A DVD That Could Hold a Million Movies
53
Sources: http://www.ntmdt.ru/SPM-Techniques/Principles/Lithographies/AFM_Oxidation_Lithography_mode37.html
http://www.chem.northwestern.edu/~mkngrp/dpn.htm
Health Care: Nerve Tissue Talking to Computers
54
Source: http://www.biochem.mpg.de/mnphys/publications/05voefro/abstract.html
Health Care: Detecting Diseases Earlier
56
Source: http://www.washington.edu/admin/finmgmt/annrpt/mcdevitt.htm
Health Care: Preventing Viruses from Infecting Us
57 http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~john8tam/main/Library/influenza_site/influenza_virus.jpg
Sources:
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/topstory/8005/8005notw2.html
Health Care: Making Repairs to the Body
58
Source: http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/2004/08/19/nanorobots.php
The Nano Industry
• Biotechnology
– Platypus
– Bioforce Nanoscience
• Equipment suppliers – Ace Ethanol
– Imago Instruments – Atom probe
microscope
– Hysitron Inc
– Thermo electron
• Healthcare
– Medtronic
– Boston Scientific
• Advanced materials
– 3M
– Cima Nanotech • Energy
– Nanodynamics – Fuel cells
– Konarka – Flexible solar panels
• Electronics – A natural progression – Cymbet
– Intel
– HP
– Motorola • Defense and security
– IBM – Detecting explosives and bio
agents
– MIT Institute of Soldier
Nanotechnologies
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The Nano Industry
• NNI http://www.nano.gov/
• NNIN http://www.nnin.org/
• MRSEC http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/
• NanoHUB http://www.nanohub.org/
• Conferences: NSTI, UMN,
– http://www.nsti.org/
– http://www.nano.umn.edu/conference2008/
• Nanorite Center http://www.nanorite.org/
• Nano in the News
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Future of Nanotechnology
“Nanotechnology products worldwide will be $2.6 Trillion or
15% of global manufacturing output.” Investing in
Nanotechnology -- Jack Uldrich
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Potential Risks of Nanotechnology
• Health issues
– Nanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed
through skin, or deliberately injected
– Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the
immune system? Could they interfere with regulatory
mechanisms of enzymes and proteins?
• Environmental issues
– Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants;
traditional filters are too big to catch them
• New risk assessment methods are needed
– National and international agencies are beginning to
study the risk; results will lead to new regulations
62
Summary: Science at the Nanoscale
63
Mother Nature
FNI 1A 65