Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 194 views

    Crude Oil

    Uploaded by

    supriya gupta
    This document discusses the pre-treatment of crude oil, which involves removing impurities like water, salts, sediments and other compounds. It describes the various types of impurities found in crude oil and why their removal is important. The key steps in pre-treatment are field separation and electrical desalting. Field separation uses gravity to separate crude oil into gas, water and oil phases. Electrical desalting forms an emulsion between salt water and fresh water to remove salts and water from the crude oil. The document outlines specifications for salt content and water after pre-treatment and concludes that pre-treatment can reduce corrosion and lower maintenance costs in oil refineries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Crude Oil

    Uploaded by

    supriya gupta
    194 views19 pages
    This document discusses the pre-treatment of crude oil, which involves removing impurities like water, salts, sediments and other compounds. It describes the various types of impurities found in crude oil and why their removal is important. The key steps in pre-treatment are field separation and electrical desalting. Field separation uses gravity to separate crude oil into gas, water and oil phases. Electrical desalting forms an emulsion between salt water and fresh water to remove salts and water from the crude oil. The document outlines specifications for salt content and water after pre-treatment and concludes that pre-treatment can reduce corrosion and lower maintenance costs in oil refineries.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    crude oil ppt

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the pre-treatment of crude oil, which involves removing impurities like water, salts, sediments and other compounds. It describes the various types of impurities found in crude oil and why their removal is important. The key steps in pre-treatment are field separation and electrical desalting. Field separation uses gravity to separate crude oil into gas, water and oil phases. Electrical desalting forms an emulsion between salt water and fresh water to remove salts and water from the crude oil. The document outlines specifications for salt content and water after pre-treatment and concludes that pre-treatment can reduce corrosion and lower maintenance costs in oil refineries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    194 views19 pages

    Crude Oil

    Uploaded by

    supriya gupta
    This document discusses the pre-treatment of crude oil, which involves removing impurities like water, salts, sediments and other compounds. It describes the various types of impurities found in crude oil and why their removal is important. The key steps in pre-treatment are field separation and electrical desalting. Field separation uses gravity to separate crude oil into gas, water and oil phases. Electrical desalting forms an emulsion between salt water and fresh water to remove salts and water from the crude oil. The document outlines specifications for salt content and water after pre-treatment and concludes that pre-treatment can reduce corrosion and lower maintenance costs in oil refineries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways from the document are that crude oil contains various impurities that need to be removed through pre-treatment processes like field separation and desalting before refining. This is done to avoid corrosion and equipment damage. The main impurities discussed are oleophilic compounds like sulfur and metals and oleophobic compounds like water, sediments and salts.

    The main types of impurities present in crude oil are oleophilic impurities like sulfur compounds, organometallic compounds, naphthenic acids and nitrogen compounds. The other type are oleophobic impurities which include sediments, water and chloride salts.

    The main steps in pre-treatment of crude oil are field separation to remove free water, gases and sediments followed by desalting using an electrical desalter. Desalting involves forming an emulsion between crude oil and water and then separating them using an electrical field.

    Pre-treatment of crude oil

    Presented by : Dilraj kaur


    Roll no : CSJMA14001390234
    Branch : Chemical Engineering
    University : U. I. E. T CSJM university , Kanpur
     Introduction
     types of impurities in crude oil
    Contents:-
     Why pre-treatment process
     Important specifications
     Field separation process
     Electrical desalting
     Conclusion
     References
    What is pre-treatment of crude oil ?

    1
    Types of impurities present in crude oil

    1. Oleophilic 2. Oleophobic
    impurities impurities

    Oelophilic impurities:-

    • Sulphur compounds
    • Organometallic compounds includes Ni, V, Fe, Si, Cr etc.
    • Naphthenic acids
    • Nitrogen compounds
    2
    Oleophobic impurities:-

    • Sediments – such as silt, sand, clay, drilling mud, iron oxide, iron
    sulphide etc.

    • Contains Brackish water which includes:-

    • a. water present as free water and finely dispersed water

    3
    b. Salts – chlorides of sodium, calcium and magnesium

    The amount of chloride salts in the brackish water may be as high as


    20% by weight of salt water present

    These chlorides are present as

    • 75 weight percent sodium chloride (Nacl)

    • 15 weight percent magnesium chloride (Mgcl2)

    • 10 weight percent calcium chloride (Cacl2)

    4
    Problems caused due to Oleophobic impurities:-

    • Corrosion in the atmospheric distillation overhead system caused


    by HCl which is liberated due to hydrolysis of chloride salts

    CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOVLED:-

    1. Mgcl2(s) + 2H2O(l) = Mg(OH)2(l) + 2Hcl(g)

    2. Hcl (g) + H2O(l) = Hcl (aq)

    3. Hcl (aq) + Fe (s) = Fecl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

    4. H2S (g) + Fecl2 (aq) = Fe (s) + 2Hcl (aq)

    5
    • Increased consumption of ammonia to neutralise the Hcl
    acid
    NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) = NH4Cl (aq)

    • Plugging of equipment and fouling of heat transfer surfaces

    • Erosion of crude oil pumps, pipelines and valves by


    suspended matter through abrasive action

    • Product degradation like high ash content in fuel oil

    6
    Pre-treatment of crude oil involves :-

    1. Field seperation

    2. Crude desalting

    SALT SPECIFICATION :-

    • Salt content is normally reported as pounds of salt measured


    as sodium chloride present per thousand barrels of oil (PTB).

    • The range of salt content generally varies from 10 to 300 PTB

    1 PTB OF SALT = 3.4 ppm of salt by weight = 2.85 mg of salt


    per litre of crude oil 7
    Amount of water and sediments that are present in crude oil are
    expressed as % by volume of BS&W

    Acceptable specifications as per ASTM:-

    • Crude oil must contain less than 5 barrels of salts per 1000
    barrels of crude oil

    • This salt content is equivalent to salt content 17 ppm by weight

    • Water and sediments present in crude should be less than 1 % by


    volume of Base sediment and water (BS&W)

    8
    Field separation process :-

    It is the removal of free water, heavy sediments, gases that


    accompany the crude oil

    Horizontal three phase separator – it uses gravity to separate well oil


    in to gas, water and oil phases

    Weir
    plate

    9
    DESALTING PROCESS

    It is the process which is use to remove impurities, especially salts


    and water, from the crude oil prior to distillation

    ELECTRICAL DESALTER:- it is the equipment which is use to


    perform desalting operation in oil refineries.

    Steps involved in desalting process :-

    1. Forming an emulsion between salt water in crude oil and fresh


    water

    2. Demulsification process by means of an electrical field

    10
    Desalted crude oil

    Electrical desalting of crude oil 11


    Desalted
    crude oil

    Effluent
    water
    Electrical desalter 12
    Crude oil refining process 13
    14
    Conclusion:-

    a) The salt content can be brought down to a level of 3 PTB or to a


    extent of 95 % removal

    b) The removal of oleophobic impurities results in longer on-


    stream time

    c) It also leads to reduced maintenance and cost reduction by


    preventing corrosion in oil refineries

    15
    REFERENCES:-

    • https://www.corrosionpedia.com/the-6-corrosive-components-that-
    can-be-found-in-crude-oil/2/1424
    • http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Crude_oil_desalter

    • https://www.quora.com/Corrosion-in-Petroleum-Industries-and-
    methods-of-protection-What-are-the-problems-faced-materials-
    used-and-the-protection-mechanism-in-place
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery
    • 3-PhaseSeparator - Schlumberger
    www.slb.com/~/media/Files/m...
    • http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/06/desalting-crude-oil-
    refinery/
    Thank you….

    You might also like