Anatomy and Physiology of Git System (Gastroinstestinal Tract)

APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
OF GIT SYSTEM
(GASTROINSTESTINAL TRACT )
DR SYED AYESHA FATEMA

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
PG DEPT OF MOALIJAT
ZVMUMCH
CONTENT:-
 Introduction
Applied anatomy and applied physiology
1.Esophagus
2.Stomach
3.Small instestine
4.Large instestine
INTRODUCTION:-

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the
alimentary canal, commences at the buccal cavity of
the mouth and terminates at the anus. It can be
divided into an
 upper GI tract
 mouth,
 pharynx,
 esophagus
 stomach)
 lower GI tract
 small instines
 large intestines
ESOPHAGUS
 Anatomy:-
 The esophagus is a 25-
cm long muscular tube
that connects the
pharynx to the stomach
 The esophagus extends

from the lower border of
the cricoid cartilage (at
the level of the sixth
cervical vertebra) to the
cardiac orifice of the
stomach at the side of
the body of the 11th
thoracic vertebra
APPLIED ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS
 esophageal
varices are dilated sub-
mucosal veins in the lower
third of the esophagus.
 They are most often a
consequence of portal
hypertension.
 commonly due to cirrhosis
patients with esophageal
varices have a strong
tendency to
develop bleeding.
 Esophageal varices are
diagnosed with endoscopy
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF ESOPHAGUS
 Dysphagia
 Esophageal achalasia
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
 Dysphagia :-
dysphagia means difficulty in swallowing.
causes :
1)Mechnical obstruction of esophagus due to
tumor,stricture,diverticular hernia (out pouching of
the wall).
2)Decreased movement of esophagus due to
neurological disorder such as parkinsonism.
3)Muscular disorder leading to difficulty in
swallowing
during oral stage or esophageal stage.
ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA
 Esophageal achalasia is a neuromascular disease.
 Caracterized by accumulation of food substances in
the esophagus.
 it is due to the failure of lower esophageal
(cardiac)sphincter to relax during swallowing

the accumulated food substance cause
dilatation of esophagus.
The feature of disease are:
 Dysphagia
 Chest pain
 Weight loss
 cough
STOMACH:-
 The stomach is
hollow organ
situated just below
the diaphragm on
the left side in the
abdominal cavity.
 Shape:- ‘J’ shaped
 Volume :- 50 ml
 Location:- 10
Thorasic and 3
lumber
 Parts of stomach:-
1. Cardiac region
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. pyloric
APPLIED ANATOMY OF STOMACH
DISPLACEMENT OF STOMACH
 Pancreatic and pseudo cyst and abcess in

the omentum bursa can may push the
stomach forword/ anteriorly this displacement
is usually visible in lateral radiographic/CT.
 The posterior wall of stomach may adhere to the

part of the posterior wall of the omentum bursa
that covers the pancreas.this occurs due to
inflammation of pancrease and it is very close to
(posterior wall of stomach) pancreas.
CANCER OF STOMACH
 Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer,

is cancer developing from the lining of the
stomach.
 Because the lymphatic vessels of the mucous

membrane and submucosa of the stomach are in
contunity,it is possible for cancer cells travel to
different parts of the stomach
GASTRIC PAIN
 The sensation of pain in the stomach is caused by

the stretching or spasmodic contraction of the
smooth muscle in its walls and is referred to the
epigastrium.
 It is believed that the pain transmitting fibres
leave the stomach in company with the
sympathetic nerve.
 They pass through the celiac ganglia and
reach the spinalcord via the greater splanchnic
nerves.
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF
STOMACH
GASTRITIS
 Inflammation of gastric mucous membrane is
called gastritis.It may be acute or chronic
 Acute gastritis is characterized by inflammation
of superficial layers of mucous membrane and

infiltration with leukocytes,mostly neutrophills.
 chronic gastritis involves inflammation of even
the deeper layers and infiltration with more

lymphocytes. It results in the atrophy of the gastric
mucosa with loss of chief cells and parietal cells of
gland.therefore yhe seceration of gastric juice
decreases.
PEPTIC ULCER
 Ulcer means the erosion of the surface of

any organ
 due to shedding or sloughing of inflamed
necrotic tissue that lines the organ.
 peptic ulcer means an ulcer in the wall of stomach
 caused by action of gastric juice. If peptic ulcer

is found in stomach,it called gastric ulcer
GASTRIC ATROPHY
 Gastricatrophy is the condition in which the

muscles of the stomach shrink and become weak.
 The gastric glands also shrink resulting in
the deficiency of gastric juice.
 Cause by:Loss of gastric gland
ANATOMY OF SMALL INSTESTINE
 Small instestine is the
part of gastroinstestinal
tract,
 extending beetween the
pyloric sphincter of
stomach and ileocecal
vale, which opens into
large instestine.it is called
small instestine
 Length:-6 meter
 Type:-
1. Duodenum
2.Jejunam
3.ileum
APPLIED ANATOMY OF SMALL INSTESTINE
DUODENAL ULCER
 A duodenal ulcer is a
type of peptic ulcer that
occurs in the duodenum,
the beginning of the small
intestine.
 As the stomach empties
its contents into the
duodenum,the acid
chyme is squirted the
against the anterolateral
wall of the first part of the
duodenum.
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF SMALL
INSTESTINE
MALABSORPTION
 Malabsorption is the
failure to absorb nutrient
such as
protein,carbohydrates,fat
and vitamins.
 Malabsorption affects
growth and
development of the
body.
CROHNS DISEASES(ENTERITIS)
 Enteritis is an
inflammatory bowel
disease.
 characterized by
inflamation of small
instestine.
 Usually it affects the
lower part of small
instestine and the ileum.
 the inflamation causes
malabsorption and
diarrehea.
STEATORRHE
A
 Steatorrhea is the
presence of
excess fat in feces.
 Stools may also float
due to excess gas, have
an oily appearance and
can be especially foul-
smelling.
 Steathorrhea is the
condition caused by
deficiency of pancreatic
lipase,resulting in
malabsorption of fat.
CELIAC DISEASE
 Celiac disease is an
autoimmune disorder.
 characterized by the
damage of mucosa
and atrophy of villi in
small
instestine,resulting in
impaired digestion and
absorption
 It is also known as
gluten sensitive
enteropathy
APPLIED anatomy of large instestine
PAIN OF APPENDICITIS
 Visceralpain in the
appendix is produced by
distention of its lumen
or spasm of its muscle.
 The afferent pain fibers
enters the spinal cord at
he level of the tenth
thoracic segment and a
vague referred pain is felt
in the region of the
umbilicus.
 Later,the pain shifts to
where the inflammed
appendix irritates the
parital peritoneum.
DIVERTICULOSIS
 also known as
"diverticular disease“
 It is the condition of
having diverticula in
the colon, which are
outpocketings of
the colonic mucosa
and submucosa
through
weaknesses of
muscle layers
in the colon wall.
 These are more common in
the sigmoid colon, which is a
common place for increased
pressure.
 This is uncommon before the
age of 40, and increases in
incidence after that age
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY OF
LARGE INSTESTINE
DIARRHEA
 Diarrhea is the frequent and profuse discharge of
instestinal contents in loose and fluid form.
 It occurs due to the increased movement of
instestine
Cause :-
 Dietary abuse
 Infection
 Instestinal disease
CONSTIPATION
 Failure of voiding of feces,which produces
discomfort is known as constipation.
 It is due to the lack of movement necessary
for defection.
 Due to the absence of mass movement in
colon
 Feces remain in the large instestine for a long
time.
 Resulting in absorption of fluid ,so the feces
beome hard and fry.
APPENDICITIS
 Inflammation of appendix is known as appendicitis.
 Appendix does not have any function in human being.
 But it can create major problem when diseased.
 Appendicitis can develop at any age.
 It is very common between 10 and 30 years of age.

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APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

DR SYED AYESHA FATEMA

 The esophagus extends

(cardiac)sphincter to relax during swallowing

 Pancreatic and pseudo cyst and abcess in

 The posterior wall of stomach may adhere to the

 Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer,

 Because the lymphatic vessels of the mucous

 The sensation of pain in the stomach is caused by

of superficial layers of mucous membrane and

the deeper layers and infiltration with more

 Ulcer means the erosion of the surface of

 caused by action of gastric juice. If peptic ulcer

 Gastricatrophy is the condition in which the

 But it can create major problem when diseased.

 Appendicitis can develop at any age.

 It is very common between 10 and 30 years of age.

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