INTRODUCTION

TO
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MRS.G.DEEPA M.SC(N)
NURSING TUTOR
VHS- MACCON
INTRODUCTION

■ The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or

alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals
which takes in food, digests it and absorb energy and nutrients, and
expels the remaining waste as faeces. 
DIVISIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

■ Alimentary tube and the accessory organs.

ALIMENTARY TUBE

■ It extends from the mouth to the anus. It consists of the oral cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

■ Digestion takes place within the oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine; most
absorption of nutrients takes place in the small intestine. Undigestible material,
primarily cellulose, is eliminated by the large intestine (also called the colon).
ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
■ ACCESSORY ORGANS

■ The accessory organs of digestion are the teeth, tongue, salivary

glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

■ Digestion does not take place within these organs, but each
contributes something to the digestive process.
PARTS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 ORAL CAVITY OR MOUTH

■ The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food
and produces saliva.

■ Within the oral cavity (or buccal cavity) are the teeth and tongue and the
openings of the ducts of the salivary glands.

■ The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside
of the mouth.
RELATIONS:

■ Anteriorly-lips

■ Posteriorly-continue with the oropharynx

■ Laterally-muscles of cheeks

■ Superiorly-bony hard palate

■ Inferiorly-muscular tongue & the soft tissues of the floor of the mouth

■ Roof - The palate forms the roof of the mouth & is divided into the anterior hard palate
& posterior soft palate.

■ The uvula is a curved fold of muscle covered with mucous membrane, hanging down
from the middle. 
 TEETH

■ This is the process that mechanically breaks food into smaller pieces
and mixes it with saliva.

■ An individual develops two sets of teeth: deciduous and permanent.

■ The deciduous teeth begin to erupt through the gums at about 6 months
of age, and the set of 20 teeth is usually complete by the age of 2 years.

■ These teeth are gradually lost throughout childhood and replaced by the
permanent teeth, the first of which are molars that emerge around the
age of 6 years.
■ A complete set of permanent teeth consists of 32 teeth.

■ Types of teeth:

– Incisors: cutting

– Canines: stabbing and holding

– Premolars and molars: Grinding

 STRUCTURE OF THE TOOTH

■ The crown is visible above the gum (gingiva).

■ The root is enclosed in a socket in the mandible or maxillae.

■ The periodontal membrane lines the socket and produces a bone-like

cement that anchors the tooth.

■ The outer- most layer of the crown is enamel, which is made by cells

called ameloblasts. Enamel provides a hard chewing surface and is more

resistant to decay than are other parts of the tooth.

■ Within the enamel is dentin, which is very similar to bone and is

produced by cells called odontoblasts. Dentin also forms the roots of

a tooth.

■ The innermost portion of a tooth is the pulp cavity, which contains

blood vessels and nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve (5th

cranial).
VESSELS OF TEETH
■ The branches of maxillary artery supply the upper and lower set of teeth.
The vessels join the pterygoid venous plexus.

■ Lymph vessels drain mainly into the submandibular nodes.

NERVES OF TEETH

■ The teeth of upper jaw are supplied by maxillary nerve; the lower
(mandibular) set of teeth are supplied by inferior alveolar nerve, which is a
branch of mandibular nerve.
FUNCTIONS OF THE TEETH

■ Helps in mastication

■ Helps in articulation and speech.

■ Gives definitive shape to the face.

■ Used for self-protection.

■ Growth and development of jaws are dependent on tooth.

 PALATE

■ Palate forms the arched roof of the oral cavity and the floor of
the nasal cavities.

■ It has two parts

– An anterior hard palate

– A posterior soft palate

HARD PALATE

■ Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavities.

■ Consists of a bony plate covered above and below by mucosa

– above, it is covered by respiratory mucosa and forms the floor of the nasal
cavities

– below, it is covered by a tightly bound layer of oral mucosa and forms

much of the roof of the oral cavity.

■ Palatine processes of the maxillae form the anterior 3/4 of the hard palate.

■ Horizontal plates of the palatine bones form the posterior 1/4

 SOFT PALATE

■  Posterosuperior border of the oral cavity.

■ Separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx.

■ Margins of Soft Palate

• Anteriorly: continuous with the hard palate at the vibrating line.

• Posterolaterally: forms the superior portion of the palatoglossal and
palatopharyngeal folds.
• Posteriorly: the uvula hangs in the center of the posterior free margin.

■ The thick palatine aponeurosis forms the foundation of the soft palate
MUSCLES OF SOFT PALATE

■ Passes from the base of the skull to the palate.

■ The soft palate is composed of 5 muscles:

– Musculus uvulae

– Tensor palati

– Levator palati

– Palatopharyngeus

– Palatoglossus
VESSELS OF PALATE
■ Arteries

– Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery

– The ascending palatine branch of the facial artery

– The palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery

■ Veins – generally follow the arteries

– Ultimately drain into the pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa

– Or a network of veins associated with the palatine tonsil

– Drain into the pharyngeal plexus of veins or directly into the facial vein.

■ Lymphatics: Drain into deep cervical nodes

NERVE SUPPLY

■ Sensory: Supplied by the greater and lesser palatine nerves and the

nasopalatine nerve.

■ Motor: All the muscles of the palate are innervated by pharyngeal

plexus formed by cranial part of accessory and vagus nerves; except

tensor palati is supplied by mandibular nerve.

 TONGUE

■ The tongue (lingua, glossa) is a highly mobile muscular organ that

can vary greatly in shape. It is situated partly in the mouth and partly
in the oropharynx.

PARTS:

■ It has a root, body, tip, dorsal surface, ventral surface and two lateral
bodies.
EXTERNAL FEATURES

ROOT

■ Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.

■ These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.

■ In between the 2 bones - it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.

TIP

■ Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.

BODY

■ A curved upper surface or dorsum

■ An inferior or ventral surface

Dorsal Surface
■ Is convex in all directions
■ Is divided into
 Oral part (ant 2/3rd)
 Pharyngeal part (post 1/3rd)
 Posterior most part of the tongue

■ Sulcus terminalis
A ‘V’ shaped groove that separates the oral and pharyngeal parts.
■ Foramen caecum
A shallow median groove extends from the tip to the foramen caecum
dividing the anterior 2/3rd into right and left halves.
Inferior or ventral surface

■ Is confined to the oral part only

■ Inferior surface is covered with a smooth mucous

membrane, which shows a median fold called
frenulum linguae.

■ On either side of the frenulum there is a

prominence produced by the deep lingual veins.

■ More laterally there is a fold called the plica

fimbriata that is directed forwards and medially
towards the tip of the tongue .
 PAPILLAE OF THE TONGUE

■ Papillae are projections of the mucous

membrane of corium which give the anterior
2/3rd of the tongue its characteristic roughness.

Types of papillae:

■ Vallate or circumvallate papillae 

■ Fungiform papillae 

■ Filliform papillae

■ Foliate papillae
Vallate or circumvallate papillae

■ These are large in size 1-2mm in diameter and are 8-12 in number.

■ They are situated immediately in front of the sulcus terminalis.

■ Each papillae are cylindrical projection surrounded by a circular sulcus.

■ The walls of the papilla are raised above the surface.

Fungiform papillae

■ Are numerous

■ Near the tip and margins of the tongue, but some of them are scattered over the
dorsum.

■ These are smaller than the vallate papillae but larger than the filliform papillae.

■ Each papilla consists of a narrow pedicle and a large rounded head.

■ They are distinguished by their bright red colour.

Filliform papillae

■ Conical papilla

■ Cover the presulcal area of the dorsum of the tongue and gives it a
characteristic velvety appearance.

■ They are the smallest and most numerous of the lingual papillae.

■ Each are pointed and covered with keratin.

■ The apex is often split into filamentous processes.

Foliate papillae

■ These are rudimentary in a human-being. They can be seen along

the posterior part of lateral margin of the tongue.
TASTE BUDS

■ About 50 -150 taste cells found in a taste bud.

■ These cells represent all 4 tastes: a. sweet,

b. sour, c. salty and d. bitter.

■ Single taste cell restricted to only single type of

receptor.

■ Taste buds have 3 types of cells: a. Supporting cells,

b. Sensory cells and c. Basal cells.

■ Taste bud has a pore that opens out to surface of

tongue.
MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

■ Muscles of the tongue are grouped into two parts:

■ Intrinsic muscles:

■ A median fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left
halves. Each half has four intrinsic muscles.

 Superior longitudinal

 Inferior longitudinal

 Transverse

 Vertical
■ Extrinsic muscles

 Genioglossus

 Hyoglossus

 Styloglossus

 Palatoglossus
ARTERIAL SUPPLY

■ Chiefly derived from lingual artery

■ A branch of external carotid artery

■ Root of the tongue is also supplied by the tonsillar and ascending pharyngeal arteries.

VENOUS DRAINAGE

■ The corresponding veins drain into the internal jugular vein.

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE

- Tip of the tongue drains bilaterally to the submental nodes

- Right and left halves of the remaining part of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue drains unilaterally to
the submandibular nodes.

- Posterior 1/3rd of the tongue drains bilaterally to the jugulo-omohyoid nodes, these are known as the
lymph nodes of the tongue.
NERVE SUPPLY
MOTOR NERVE SUPPLY

■ All the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, except palatoglossus are supplied by

the hypoglossal nerve.

■ The palatoglossus is supplied by cranial accessory through vagus.

SENSORY NERVE SUPPLY

■ Anterior 2/3rd - Lingual

■ Posterior 1/3rd - Glossopharyngeal

■ Posterior most part or valleculla - Internal laryngeal branch of vagus

FUNCTIONS OF THE TONGUE

■ Mastication (chewing)
■ Taste
■ Deglutition (swallowing)
■ Articulation/speech
■ Oral cleansing
 SALIVARY GLANDS

■ Salivary glands are compound, tubuloacinar, merocrine, exocrine

glands the ducts of which open into oral cavity.

■ The oral cavity is kept moist by a film of fluid called saliva that coats
the teeth and mucosa.

■ Saliva is a complex fluid produced by the salivary glands.

■ Located outside the oral cavity

■ Secretion reach the mouth through ductal system

CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLANDS

1. Based on the size & location, they are classified as:

■ Major salivary glands

■ Minor salivary glands

Major salivary glands - three pairs

– Parotid gland

– Submandibular gland

– Sublingual gland
Minor salivary glands

■ Minor salivary located in various parts of the oral cavity

– Labial
– Buccal
– Lingual
– Palatine (Hard & soft)
– Alveolar mucosa
– Floor of the mouth
■ Present in the submucosal layer
■ Opens onto the mucosal surface by short ductal openings
2. Based on the type of secretions

■ Serous secreting Glands: These types of glands are predominantly made

up of serous cells. These glands secrete thin and watery saliva. e.g.
parotid glands and lingual glands.

■ Mucus secreting glands: These types of glands are made up of mainly

the mucus cells. These glands secrete thick, visous saliva with high
mucin content. e.g. Lingual glands, buccal glands and palatal glands.

■ Mixed glands: These glands are made up of both serous and mucus cells.
e.g submandibular gland, sub lingual gland.
PAROTID GLANDS

PAROTID GLAND

(para=around, otic=ear)

■ Largest major salivary gland

■ It is purely serous gland.

■ It weighs about 15 gms.

■ The parotid duct or stenson’s duct passess

horizontally from the anterior edge of the gland.

■ Duct is 5cm long and 5mm in diameter.

■ Position: This is a wedge-shaped gland which lies below the auricle,
between the ramus of the mandible and sternomastoid. The upper end of the
gland is in contact with the external acoustic meatus.

■ Surfaces of the gland:

- Lateral (superficial ) surface.

- Anteromedial surface.

- Posteromedial surface.
■ Borders of the gland:
■ Divisions of Parotid Gland: Parotid gland is divided into 2
parts by the facial nerve.
– Superficial part

– Deep part
■ Arterial supply: The parotid gland is supplied
by branches of external carotid artery.

■ Nerve supply: It is innervated by sympathetic

and parasympathetic fibers. Stimulation of
parasympathetic fibers results in copious,
watery secretions; where as sympathetic
stimulation as in fright, decreases the secretion
and the mouth turns dry. Sensory nerve fibers
pass to the gland through the greater auricular
and auriculotemporal nerves.

■ Lymph Drainage: - Preauricular (superficial)

and deep parotid lymph nodes
SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS

■ Large salivary gland.

■ Roughly J shaped

■ Weighs about 10 to 15 gm.

■ Located at Posterior portion of floor of mouth,

medial aspect of mandible & wrapping around
posterior border of mylohyoid.

■ Wharton's duct (5cm long) runs forward and

opens into the mouth beneath the tongue,
lateral to lingual frenum.
■ Blood supply: Facial and lingual arteries.

■ Lymphatic drainage: Submandibular lmph node & deep cervical

lymph nodes.

■ Nerve supply:

- Parasympathetic supply: Facial nerve reaching gland through the lingual

nerve & submandibular ganglion.

- Sympathetic Supply: Postganglionic fibers from plexus on facial artery.

SUBLINGUAL GLAND

■ Smallest major salivary gland

■ Weighs about 2gm.

■ Located at anterior part of floor

of the mouth, just between mucosa & mylohyoid muscle.

■ Open into oral cavity through series of small ducts (duct of Rivinus)
opening along sublingual fold and open through large duct- Bartholin’s
duct, that opens with submandibular duct at sublingual caruncle.
■ Blood supply: Sublingual & submental arteries.

■ Lymphatic drainage: Submental lymph nodes.

■ Nerve supply:

- Parasympathetic supply: Facial nerve reaching gland through the lingual

nerve & submandibular ganglion.

- Sympathetic Supply: Postganglionic fibers from plexus on facial artery.

MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS

■ There are about 450 minor salivary glands in oral cavity situated in the
mucosa of lips, cheeks, palate, floor of mouth and retromolar region.

■ The highest number (250) of minor salivary glands is situated in the

hard palate.

■ Rich in mucin, antibacterial proteins and secretory immunoglobulin.

■ Continuous slow secreting glands, thus have a important role in

protecting and moistening oral mucosa, especially when major salivary
glands are mostly inactive.
SALIVA

■ Secretions of salivary glands (parotid and submandibular/sublingual).

■ Contribution of each major salivary glands:

– Parotid glands: 25%

– Submandibular glands: 70%

– Sublingual glands: 5%
COMPOSITION OF SALIVA
■ Saliva contains 99% water and 1% solids.

■ Solids include organic and inorganic constituents.

■ The organic constituents are:

– Mucin, which is a glycoprotein secreted mainly from sublingual and a small amount from

submandibular salivary glands. Mucin is responsible for the viscosity of saliva, which helps in the

lubrication of food in the mouth.

– The enzyme ptyalin or salivary amylase secreted from parotid gland initiates the digestion of

starch.

– Lingual lipase helps in digestion of fat.

■ The inorganic constituents are Na+, Cl -, K+, HCO3 moistens food.

REGULATION OF SALIVARY SECRETION

■ Salivary secretion is regulated by nervous mechanism and it is a reflex

phenomenon.

■ Salivary reflexes are of two types:-

1)Unconditioned reflex

2)Conditioned reflex
■ UNCONDITIONED REFLEX (Inherent reflex):

Secretion of saliva when any substance is played in the mouth is called the
unconditioned reflex. It is due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the
mucuos membrane of the oral cavity. This reflexes is present since birth &
hence it is also called inborn reflex.

■ CONDITIONED REFLEX (Acquired reflex):

Secretion of saliva by the sight, smell, thought of food is called conditioned

reflex. It is due to the impulses arising from the eyes, ear, etc. It is an
acquired reflex & needs previous experience.
FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA

■ PREPARATION OF FOOD FOR SWALLOWING: When food enters

the mouth , saliva moistens and dissolves it. The mucous membrane of
mouth is also moistened and masticated food is rolled into a bolus. The
mucin of saliva lubricates the bolus and facilitates the swallowing.

■ APPRECIATION OF TASTE: Taste is a chemical sensation. Saliva by

its solvent action dissolves the solid food substance , so that the
dissolved substances can stimulate the taste buds. The stimulated taste
buds recognize the taste.
■ DIGESTIVE FUNCTION: Saliva has three digestive enzymes namely,
salivary amylase, maltase and lingual lipase

SALIVARY AMYLASE: Salivary amylase is a carbohydrate

splitting(amylolytic)enzyme. It acts on cooked or boiled starch and converts it
into maltose, major part of it occurs in the stomach because the food stays only
for a short time in the mouth.

MALTASE: The enzyme maltase is present only in traces in human saliva. • It

converts maltose into glucose.

LIPASE: Fat digestion. It digest milk fats(pre-emulsified). It hydrolyses

triglycerides into fatty acids.
■ CLEANSING AND PROTECTIVE FUNCTION: Due to the constant
secretion of saliva, the mouth and teeth are rinsed and kept free from
food debris, shed epithelial cells and foreign particles. Thus saliva
prevents bacterial growth by removing materials, which may serve as
culture media for the bacterial growth. The enzyme lysozyme of saliva
kills some bacteria such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, and brucella.

■ ROLE IN SPEECH: By moistening and lubricating the soft parts of

mouth and lips, saliva helps in speech. If the mouth is dry, articulation
and pronunciation become difficult.
■ EXCRETORY FUNCTION: Many substances, both organic and
inorganic are excreted in saliva. It excretes substances like mercury,
potassium iodide, lead and thiocyanate. Saliva also excretes some
viruses such as those causing rabies and mumps.

■ REGULATION OFWATER BALANCE: When the body water content

decreases, salivary secretion also decreases. This causes dryness of the
mouth and induces thirst. When the water is taken, it quenches the thirst
and restores the body water content.
PHARYNX

■ It is a wide funnel shaped tube with 12-14cm long that lies behind nose, mouth and
larynx.

■ Upper part of pharynx transmits only air, lower part only food, but middle part is
common passage for both air and food.

■ Upper part widest (3.5cm) and lower part is the narrowest.

■ The three parts of larynx:

– Nasopharynx

– Oropharynx

– Laryngopharynx
PARTS OF LARYNX

■ Nasopharynx – It lies behind nose above the level of soft palate. It is

respiratory in function and is lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.

■ Oropharynx – This part extends from the level of the soft palate to the
level of the upper border of the epiglottis.

■ Laryngopharynx – The laryngeal part of pharynx extends from the

oropharynx above and continuous as the oesophagus below.
STRUCTURE OF PHARYNX

■ Three layers of tissue:

– Mucous membrane lining

– Fibrous tissue (intermediate layer)

– Muscle tissue
MUSCLES OF PHARYNX

■ There are pairs of constrictors

– Superior

– Middle

– Inferior

– Others:

■ Stylopharyngeus

■ Salpingopharyngeus

■ Palatopharyngeus
 Waldeyer’s ring

■ Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in subepithelial

layer of pharynx is aggregated at the entrance of aerodigestive
tract and are caollectively called Waldeyer’s ring.
■ Blood supply: Arterial supply: Branches of
external carotid artery and facial artery

■ Venous drainage: Internal jugular vein and

Facial vein.

■ Lymphatic drainage: Retropharyngeal and

deep cervical nodes.

■ Nerve supply: Pharyngeal plexus of nerves

formed by motor fibres of cranial accessory
nerve and branches from sympathetic chain.
FUNCTIONS OF PHARYNX

■ Passageway for both air and food

■ Humidifying

■ Hearing: The pharyngotympanic tube plays an important role in hearing.

■ Protection: The pharyngeal and laryngeal tonsils produce antibodies in response to

antigens. This protects the body against invading microorganisms.

■ Speech: It help in speech; by acting as a resonating chamber for sound ascending from

the larynx.

■ Taste: The olfactory nerve endings of the sense of taste in the epithelium of the oral and

pharyngeal parts.
 OESOPHAGUS

■ The esophagus is a muscular tube that takes food from the pharynx to the
stomach.

■ It is a narrow part of the alimentary canal extending from the lower end
of pharynx to the cardiac orifice of the stomach.

■ The esophagus is a midline structure lying on the anterior surface of the

spine.

■ DIMENSIONS: Length is 25cm and diameter is 1.5cm.

 ANATOMIC DIVISION OF OESOPHAGUS

■ It descends through three compartments: the neck, the chest, and the
abdomen.

■ PARTS:

– cervical,

– thoracic, and

– abdominal segments.
■ Cervical: Cervical begins at the lower end of pharynx (level of 6th vertebra or lower
border of cricoid cartilage) and extends to the thoracic inlet (suprasternal notch); 18
cm from incisors.

■ Thoracic:

– Upper thoracic: from thoracic inlet to level of tracheal bifurcation; 18-23 cm.

– Mid thoracic: from tracheal bifuraction midway to gastroesophageal junction;

24-32 cm. o
– Lower thoracic: from midway between tracheal bifurcation and gastroesophageal
junction to GE junction, including abdominal esophagus; 32-40 cm.

■ Abdominal: Considered part of lower thoracic esophagus; 32-40 cm.

EXTERNAL APPEARANCE

■ It is a tubular structure which remains collapsed anteroposteriorly.

■ It shows anteroposterior curvatures which are similar to those of the

vertebral column, to which it is closely applied (i.e. in the neck, it is
convex forward; in the thorax, it is convex backward.
STRUCTURE OF OESOPHAGUS

■ MUCOSA:

– A. Epithelium – highly stratified squamous and non- keratinized.

– B. Lamina propria – contains cardiac esophageal glands in the lower

part only.
– C. Muscularis mucosa – very-very thick and created from only
longitudinal layer of smooth muscle fibres.

■ SUBMUCOSA – It includes mucous esophageal glands

■ MUSCULAR LAYER

– A. In upper 1 -third, it’s created from

skeletal muscle.
– B. In middle 1 -third, it’s created from both
skeletal and smooth muscles.
– C. In lower 1 -third, it’s created from
smooth muscle.

■ FIBROUS MEMBRANE (ADVENTITIA) • It

is composed of dense connective tissue that
has many elastic fibres. 
CONSTRICTIONS OF ESOPHAGUS

■ The distance of each constriction is measured from the upper incisor

teeth. 
 First constriction (cervical) At the pharyngo- esophageal junction (at C6) 15cm from the lower incisor
teeth.

Second constriction Where it is crossed by the aortic arch 22.5 cm from the incisor
(thoracic)  teeth
Third constriction Where it is crossed by the left principal 27.5 cm from the incisors
(thoracic)  bronchus
 Fourth constriction As it passes through the diaphragm 40 cm from the incisors
(diaphragmatic) 

■ These measurements are important clinically with regard to the passage of

instruments along the oesophagus.
MUSCLES OF ESOPHAGUS
■ The esophagus consists of:

– Striated (voluntary) muscle in its upper third

– Smooth (involuntary) muscle in its lower third

– Mixture of striated and smooth muscle in between.

■ Externally, the pharyngoesophageal junction appears as a constriction

produced by the cricopharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor
muscle (the superior esophageal sphincter) and is the narrowest part
of the esophagus.
■ ARTERIAL SUPPLY

– The cervical part is by – Inferior thyroid arteries.

– The thoracic part is by – Esophageal branches of – Descending thoracic aorta,

and – Bronchial arteries.
– The abdominal part is by – Esophageal branches of Left gastric artery, and
Left inferior phrenic artery.

■ VENOUS DRAINAGE

– Cervical part is drained by inferior thyroid veins.

– Thoracic part is drained by azygos and hemiazygos veins.

– Abdominal part is drained by 2 venous channels, viz, – Hemiazygos vein, and –

■ LYMPHATICS: Deep cervical lymph nodes, Superior and posterior
mediastinal nodes, Left gastric and celiac nodes.

■ NERVE SUPPLY : The esophagus is supplied by both parasympathetic

and sympathetic fibres. • The parasympathetic fibres are originated from
recurrent laryngeal nerves and esophageal plexuses created by vagus
nerves. The sympathetic fibres are originated from T5-T9 spinal segments
are sensory and vasomotor.
EVALUATION
■ NAME THE PARTS OF TOOTH
EVALUATION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The type of teeth which is responsible for grinding is
a) Incisors
b) Canines
c) Premolars
d) Molars
 
2. The root of tongue is made up of one of the following muscles
a) Levator palati
b) Palatopharyngeus
c) Palatoglossus
d) Geniohyoid
CONT…
3. The major salivary glands is
a. Parotid gland
b. Labial
c. Buccal
d. Lingual
 
4. Waldeyer’s ring is composed of the following EXCEPT
e. Pharyngeal tonsil
f. Tubal tonsil
g. Palatine tonsil
h. Cervical tonsil
5. Thoracic constrictor of oesophagus is ________cm away from the incisor teeth.
i. 15cm
j. 22.5 cm
k. 27.5 cm
l. 40 cm
EVALUATION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The type of teeth which is responsible for grinding is
a) Incisors
b) Canines
c) Premolars
d) Molars
 
2. The root of tongue is made up of one of the following muscles
a) Levator palati
b) Palatopharyngeus
c) Palatoglossus
d) Geniohyoid
CONT…
3. The major salivary glands is
a. Parotid gland
b. Labial
c. Buccal
d. Lingual
 4. Waldeyer’s ring is composed of the following EXCEPT
e. Pharyngeal tonsil
f. Tubal tonsil
g. Palatine tonsil
h. Cervical tonsil
5. Thoracic constrictor of oesophagus is ________cm away from the incisor teeth.
i. 15cm
j. 22.5 cm
k. 27.5 cm
l. 40 cm
■THANKYOU