verbals

Recitation:
Verbals In my own understanding about verbal is that verbal are a word, usually a noun or adjective,
that is created from a verb. It is derived from verbs but do not function as  verbs. Instead, they function as
adjectives, nouns or adverbs.

An example of a verbal is the word "writing" which is created from the word "write.“
3 types of verbal
• Gerunds
• Participle
• Infinitives
The three verbals— gerunds, infinitives, and participles—are formed from verbs, but are never used alone as
action words in sentences. Instead, verbals function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. These verbals are
important in phrases.

 
 gerunds
Gerunds –it is a verb form that ends in –ing and it functions as a noun .
Ex: Jumping is fun. The word jumping is a gerund that create from the word jump

Uses of gerunds
As nouns, they may be  used as subject, appositive, predicative nominative, direct object, and
object of the  preposition. 
1.Subject; located at the beginning of the sentences and it tells what is the sentences is all about.
Ex: Running is a best kind of cardiovascular exercises. It answers the questions what is the best
kind of cardiovascular exercises? And the answer is running it is the subject of the sentences.
2.Appositive: it identifies and explain the noun and it is placed next to a subject and rename it.
Ex: Her job, analyzing data brought in by satellites, is exciting.

The gerund phrase 'analyzing data brought in by satellites' is an appositive modifying 'her job.'

Does it mean then, that a gerund may also function as an adjective.
 gerund usage
3.Gerund as predicate nominative- pn(it is a noun that follows a lingking verb and means the same
as the subject also known as subjective complement.
Ex; My favorite activity is reading. "reading" is a gerund made by adding -ing to the action verb
"read," and following a predicate nominative word (IS) it renames the subject of the sentence, which
is "activity."
4.GERUND AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION; OB ( IT IS A NOUN THAT FOLLOWS A PREPOSITION
DETERMINE THE TIME, SPACE , LOCATION OR DIRECTIONS)
Ex;Tim enjoys running with scissors. In this sentence, the gerund phrase running with scissors is the
direct object of the verb enjoys.
5. Direct Object: The noun that follows an action word . It answers the questions what, OR WHO
AFTER THE VERB.
EX; They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.) Answers the question what they do
not appreciate ? And then the answer is ( my singing) which is a gerund form from the word sing.
6.Indirect Object: is a noun that prcedes a direct object answering the question for whom is the
action is being performed. Ex. Im giving you a chances. You is a indirect oject answers the questions
( FOR Whom Im giving a chances?) and the word cahnces is a direct object answers the questions
what I am giving ?
Gerund + noun+ adverb+ prepositional phrase
• Gerund noun ( it can be modified a direct object, io, s,app,)
Ex: He hates waking up early. ( gerund + noun)
• Gerund adverb
Ex: Soledad's habit is speaking quickly. ( gerund + adverb)
• Gerund prepositional phrase (usually preceded by a preposition)
Ex: The money for spending on repairs was soon used up.
How do you identify a gerund phrase?
• The phrase will always start with a gerund that ends in –ING.
• The gerund phrase will either have a modifier, an object or both.
• The entire phrase will function as a noun.
• The phrase will have singular agreement with a verb.
 participle is a verb form that function as an adjectives to create verb tense, or to create the passive voice. There are two types of participles: gerund is called a  Present
participle (that ends in -ing) Past participle (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n).
Participles  

Perfect participle
Combining the word having with the past participle of a word creates the perfect participle.
Perfect participles demonstrate that an action was completed in the past. It Use the word having been and had been+ participle of the verb.
Having is a present participle .
Had is a past tense and past participle of having. The present and past forms are often contracted in everyday speech, especially when have is being used as an auxiliary verb.

Present Participle Example: The crying baby had a wet diaper.

Perfect participles: having watch, having arrived, having slept

 past participle examples:
A swollen eye is God's way of telling you to improve your interpersonal skills. Szwollen is the past participle in the sentence
Do not waste time staring at a closed door. Clode is a past participle that ends in ed. In the sentence

(Function 1) Participles as Adjectives

Participle Phrases
A participle phrase also acts like an adjective.
• The man carrying the bricks is my father.
(The participle phrase carrying the bricks describes my father.)
• She showed us a plate of scones crammed with cream.
(The participle phrase crammed with cream describes the scones.)
 Infinitives as nouns
Infinitives are formed using to and the base form of the verb (e.g., to dance, to sing, to study  to have ).
infinitives have three functions: (1) as nouns, (2) as adjectives, and (3) as  adverbs 
As nouns:
Subject: smoking is dangerous to your health.
EXAMPLE : I don’t want to drink coffee anymore
Appositive: My hobby, to draw, is fun (“ to draw” identifies which hobby is fun.)
EXAMPLE Her dream, to sing in an opera, is unrealistic.(“ to sing “ identifies which dreams of her is unrealistic.)
Predicate Nominative: comes after the linking verb .
Example; Clara’s dream is to be a ballet dancer.
Dora’s greatest wish is to explore the world.

Direct Object: answers the question what and who

Example: He hated to discuss emotions.
object of preposition: followed by a noun or pronoun in a sentence.
Example; Rowena is about to come.
I forgot everything except to buy milk. ( except is a preposition used to asked xcept what? The answer is to buy milk.)
 Infinitive as adverb and
• As adjectives
adverb:
EXAMPLES : You came here to study. { infinitive + adverb}
I raised my hand to speak. { to speak modified a raised}
karen ran to avoid being late.{ to avoid being late modified ran}
As adjective
Examples: I have a job to do. { to do describes my job}
the clothes to iron are on my bed.{ to iron describes my clothes.}
 complements
Complements  It means that the complements is the one that complete the idea in a sentence begun by the subject and
verb. While some sentences are complete with subject and verb but most of the sentence need complements to complete the
meaning of the sentences.

Examples: 1. the puppy was sleeping. 2. she is pretty. [ COMPLETE MEANING}

With Action Verbs ’
AS DIRECT OBJECTS:
1.Jon wants a car for his birthday .{ wants is an action verb , and the direct object is car, the complements is a car for his
birthday.}
2. My aunt found a wallet.{ “ a wallet Is a complement and a direct object that answers the question” found what?”}

indirect object: An indirect object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that usually comes between the verb and the direct
object. An indirect object tells to whom or to what or for whom or for what the action of the verb is done.
 Examples: I gave that problem some thought. (The noun problem is the indirect object of the verb gave and answers the
question “To what did I give some thought?”) 
Examples: She gave Ed and me the list of summer activities. (Ed and me are indirect objects of the verb gave. They answer the
question “To whom did she give the list?”) Did the peacock show you
:
 Objective complement
7.Objective Complement • Noun, pronoun, or adjective which follows a direct
object and renames it or tells what the direct object has become • may follow
certain verbs in English. Sentences with object complements follow the pattern: S
+ V + O + Complement. Object complements may be either nouns or adjectives.
• Example: They considered him a criminal.
 Complement as linking verb’
Linking verbs • Examples: be, is, are being, might have been, become, seem •
Predicate nominative: a noun or pronouns that comes after a linking verb.
Me and my neighbor becomes friend.
he loves being called baby.
Mr. Richard is a mayor { is “ is a linking verb and mayor I a predicate Nominative}

Predicate adjective:comes after a linking verb that describes the subject.

My best friend is crazy. { is } is a linking verb { crazy is the p.A.}
Predicate adjective examples
 PHRASES
• PHRASES 
  ( nouns)
are groups of words located in different parts of the sentence and perform  different functions (generally
as nouns or modifiers). A phrase does not contain a  subject and verb at once nor can stand it alone to express a complete
thought.
A phrase is a group of words that express a concept and is used as a unit within a sentence. a phrase can not stand alone
as a sentence.
Eight common types of phrases are: noun, verb, gerund, infinitive, appositive, participial, prepositional, and absolute.
• A noun phrase consists of a noun and all its modifiers.
• Here are examples:
• The bewildered tourist was lost.
• The lost puppy was a wet and stinky dog.
• The flu clinic had seen many cases of infectious disease.
• It was a story as old as time.
• The sports car drove the long and winding road.
• Saturday became a cool, wet afternoon.
 Infinitive and appositive phrase
An infinitive phrase is a noun phrase that begins with an infinitive verb
• To make lemonade, you have to start with lemons.
• I tried to see the stage, but I was too short.
• She organized a boycott to make a statement.
• To see Niagara Falls is mind-boggling.
• He really needs to get his priorities in order.
• The company decided to reduce hours for everyone.
• To donate time or money is an honorable thing.
• I went to Spain to study the language and culture
• An appositive phrase restates and defines a noun. It consists of one or more words.
• Examples are:
• My favorite pastime, needlepoint, surprises some people.
• Her horse, an Arabian, was her pride and joy.
• My wife, the love of my life, is also my best friend.
• A cheetah, the fastest land animal, can run 70 miles an hour.
• My idea, a recycling bin for the office, was accepted by the boss.
• The Florida panther, the state animal of Florida, is an endangered species.
 Verb and gerund phrase
• A verb phrase consists of a verb and all its modifiers.
• Here are examples:
• He was waiting for the rain to stop.
• She was upset when it didn't boil.
• You have been sleeping for a long time.
• You might enjoy a massage.
• He was eager to eat dinner.
A gerund phrase is simply a noun phrase that starts with a gerund.
• Examples include:
• Taking my dog for a walk is fun.
• Walking in the rain can be difficult.
• Strolling along a beach at sunset is romantic.
• Getting a promotion is exciting.
• Signing autographs takes time.
• Going for ice cream is a real treat.
Participial and prepositional phrase
• A participial phrase begins with a past or present participle.
Examples are:
• Washed with my clothes, my cell phone no longer worked.
• Knowing what I know now, I wish I had never come here.
• I am really excited, considering all the people that will be there.
• We are looking forward to the movie, having seen the trailer last week.

A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and can act as a noun, an adjective or an adverb.
Examples are:
• The book was on the table.
• We camped by the brook.
• He knew it was over the rainbow.
• She was lost in the dark of night.
• He was between a rock and a hard place.
• I waited for a while.
• She smelled of strawberries and cream.
 Absolute phrase
An absolute phrase has a subject, but not an action verb, so it cannot stand alone as a complete
sentence. It modifies the whole sentence, not just a noun.
Examples are:
• His tail between his legs, the dog walked out the door.
• Picnic basket in hand, she set off for her date.
• The guys attacked the pile of nachos, their fingers getting the last bit of cheese off the plate.
• Their heads hanging down, the whole group apologized.
• The entire team, their uniforms muddy and stained, shouted for joy.