Module 4

Hydraulic machines

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SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Rajanukunte, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi, Karnataka.
Approved by All India Council for Technical Education(AICTE) New Delhi.
Recognized by the Government of Karnataka. (www.saividya.ac.in)

ONLINE VIDEO TUTORIALS

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 2

 APPLIED HYDRAULICS- 18CV43

Module 4: Hydraulic Machines

Class 01: Introduction, General layout of Hydroelectric

power plant, Types of heads & efficiencies

Sushmitha G S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Eng., SVIT
Email: [email protected]

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 3

What is Hydraulic Machines?
These are defined as those machines which convert
either hydraulic energy (energy possessed by water)
into mechanical energy (further to electrical energy)
or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
The study of hydraulic machines = study of turbines
+ study of pumps

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What is Turbine?
The hydraulic machines, which converts the
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, are
called turbines.
This mechanical energy is used to in running an
electric generator which is directly coupled to the
shaft of the turbine.
Thus the mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy.

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Cont…
The power which is obtained from the hydraulic
energy is known as hydroelectric power.
At present generation of hydroelectric power is
cheapest compared to power generated by oil, coal
etc
It consists of study of pelton, francis & kaplan
turbines

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What is pump?
The hydraulic machines, which converts the
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy , are
called pumps.
It consists of study of centrifugal & reciprocating
pumps.

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General layout of hydroelectric power plant

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Types of heads
Gross head
Net / effective head
Head available at
the inlet of turbine

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Types of efficiencies (based on loss of energy in
hydroelectric power plant)
Hydraulic efficiency ηh
Ratio of runner power to inlet water power
Mechanical efficiency ηm
Ratio of shaft power to runner power
Volumetric efficiency ηv
Ratio of vol of water actually striking the runner to vol of
water supplied to the turbine
Overall efficiency ηo
Ratio of shaft power to water power

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 THANK
YOU
Reference Book

1. P N Modi and S M Seth, “Hydraulics and Fluid

Mechanics, including Hydraulic Machines”, 20th
edition, 2015, Standard Book House, NewDelhi
2. 2. R.K. Bansal, “A Text book of Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines”, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi

Sushmitha G S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Eng., SVIT
Email: [email protected]

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 11

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Rajanukunte, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi, Karnataka.
Approved by All India Council for Technical Education(AICTE) New Delhi.
Recognized by the Government of Karnataka. (www.saividya.ac.in)

ONLINE VIDEO TUTORIALS

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 12

 APPLIED HYDRAULICS- 18CV43

Module 4: Hydraulic Machines

Class 02: Classification of turbines, Pelton wheel

Sushmitha G S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Eng., SVIT
Email: [email protected]

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 13

Classification of Water Turbines
According to the type of energy at inlet:
Impulse Turbine – at inlet only K.E is available
Reaction turbine – at inlet, water posses both K.E & P.E
According to the direction of flow through runner:
Tangential flow,
Radial flow,
Axial flow,
Mixed flow.

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Classification of Water Turbines
According to the head at the inlet of turbine:
High head, >250m
Medium head, 60-250m
Low head >60m
 According to the specific speed of the turbine:
Low specific speed, 8.5 – 30 rpm
Medium Specific Speed, 50 - 340 rpm
High specific speed 255 - 340 rpm

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Pelton wheel/ Pelton turbine
Type: Tangential flow, impulse turbine
Named after L.A. Pelton, an American Engineer
Water strikes the bucket along tangent of the runner
Energy: Only K.E is available at inlet of the turbine
Pressure: Atmospheric at inlet & outlet
Used for high heads
Head= 50m to1300m
Specific speed= 8.5 to 30 (single jet)
Specific speed= 30 to 51 (two or more jets)

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Pelton turbine

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Components/ parts of pelton wheel
1. Nozzle & flow regulating arrangement (spear)
2. Runner & buckets
3. Casing
4. Breaking jet

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1. Nozzle & flow regulating arrangement
(spear)
Spear : conical needle
Operated either by hand wheel or automatically in an
axial direction depending on the size of the unit
Used to control amount of water striking the vane

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2. Runner & buckets
Consists of circular disc
No of evenly spaced
buckets are fixed
Shape of the bucket:
double hemispherical cup/
bowl

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Cont…
Splitter: dividing wall
which divides each bucket
into 2 symmetrical parts
Angle of deflection of jet:
160 ˚ / 170˚
Material: cast iron,
stainless steel based on
inlet head

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3. Casing
Function: prevent
splashing of water &
discharges into tail race
Acts as a safeguard
against accidents
Material: cast iron/
fabricated steel plates
Does not perform any
hydraulic function

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4. Breaking jet
When the nozzle is completely closed by moving spear
in the forward direction, the amount of water striking
the runner reduces to zero.
But the runner due to inertia goes on revolving for a
long time.
To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is
provided which directs the jet of water on the back of
the vanes.
This jet of water is called breaking jet.

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 THANK
YOU
Reference Book

1. P N Modi and S M Seth, “Hydraulics and Fluid

Mechanics, including Hydraulic Machines”, 20th
edition, 2015, Standard Book House, NewDelhi
2. 2. R.K. Bansal, “A Text book of Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulic Machines”, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi

Sushmitha G S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Eng., SVIT
Email: [email protected]

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 24

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Rajanukunte, Yelahanka, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064
Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belagavi, Karnataka.
Approved by All India Council for Technical Education(AICTE) New Delhi.
Recognized by the Government of Karnataka. (www.saividya.ac.in)

ONLINE VIDEO TUTORIALS

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 25

 APPLIED HYDRAULICS- 18CV43

Module 4: Hydraulic Machines

Class 01: Introduction, General layout of Hydroelectric

power plant, Types of heads & efficiencies

Sushmitha G S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Eng., SVIT
Email: [email protected]

Applied Hydraulics - 18CV43 26

Working principle of pelton wheel
Working principle of Pelton turbine is simple.
When a high speed water jet injected through a nozzle
hits buckets of Pelton wheel at splitter.
It splits the jet into 2 parts, these patrs glides over the
inner surfaces & comes out at the outer edge.
It induces an impulsive force & makes turbine rotate.

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Velocity triangles
V1 = √2gH
H = Hg - hf
u = u1 = u2 = πDN/60
Vr1 = V1 – u1
Vw1 = V1
α = 0˚ & θ = 0˚
Vr1 = Vr2
Vw2 = Vr2cosφ – u2
Fx = aV1 (Vinitial - Vfinal)
Fx = aV1 (V1 –(-V2cosβ)
Fx = aV1 (VW1 + VW2)
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Maximum power, efficiency, working
proportions
Fx = aV1 (VW1 - VW2) for β = abtuse angle
Fx = aV1 (VW1) for β=90°
Work done/sec = Fx * u
Power = work done per sec/ 1000
K.E = 1/2mV12 (m = ρaV1)
Hydraulic efficiency = work done / K.E
Max efficiency, dηh/du=0
u = V1/2

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Points to be remembered for pelton wheel/
working proportions
1. Inlet velocity: V1 = Cv√2gH (Cv = 0.98/0.99)
2. Wheel velocity: u = φ√2gH, φ = speed ratio (0.43-
0.48)
3. Angle of deflection of jet through buckets = 165˚
4. Mean dia/ pitch dia of pelton wheel, D= 60u/πN
5. Jet ratio: ratio of pitch dia to dia of jet, m=D/d (12 for
most of cases)
6. No of buckets on runner, Z = 15+(D/2d) = 15+0.5m
7. No of jets = total rate of flow through turbine/ rate of
flow of water through single jet
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