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    Test For Goodness of Fit

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    krothroc
    The document discusses the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which allows researchers to determine if a population's observed categorical data matches what is expected based on a hypothesized distribution. It provides examples of how the test is used to analyze outcomes like die rolls and genetic crosses to see if they match what was predicted. The test involves calculating a chi-square statistic to quantify differences between observed and expected counts and comparing this to a chi-square distribution to assess statistical significance.

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    Test For Goodness of Fit

    Uploaded by

    krothroc
    15 views15 pages
    The document discusses the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which allows researchers to determine if a population's observed categorical data matches what is expected based on a hypothesized distribution. It provides examples of how the test is used to analyze outcomes like die rolls and genetic crosses to see if they match what was predicted. The test involves calculating a chi-square statistic to quantify differences between observed and expected counts and comparing this to a chi-square distribution to assess statistical significance.

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    14.1 Power Point

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    The document discusses the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which allows researchers to determine if a population's observed categorical data matches what is expected based on a hypothesized distribution. It provides examples of how the test is used to analyze outcomes like die rolls and genetic crosses to see if they match what was predicted. The test involves calculating a chi-square statistic to quantify differences between observed and expected counts and comparing this to a chi-square distribution to assess statistical significance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    15 views15 pages

    Test For Goodness of Fit

    Uploaded by

    krothroc
    The document discusses the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which allows researchers to determine if a population's observed categorical data matches what is expected based on a hypothesized distribution. It provides examples of how the test is used to analyze outcomes like die rolls and genetic crosses to see if they match what was predicted. The test involves calculating a chi-square statistic to quantify differences between observed and expected counts and comparing this to a chi-square distribution to assess statistical significance.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Test for Goodness of

    Fit
    Section 14.1
    A New Test
     In the previous chapter, we learned how to compare two
    population proportions. Sometimes, though, we want to
    examine the distribution of proportions in a single
    population.
     The chi-square goodness-of-fit (GOF) test allows us to
    determine whether a specified population distribution
    seems valid.
     We can compare two or more population proportions
    using a chi-square test for homogeneity.
     We can also determine whether the distribution of one
    variable has been influenced by another variable using a
    chi-square test of association/independence.
    Some Examples
     The methods of this chapter will help us
    answer questions such as:
     Are you more likely to have a car accident when
    using a cell phone?

     Does background music effect wine purchases?

     How does the presence of an exclusive territory


    clause in a franchisee’s contract relate to the
    success of the business?
    The Basic Idea
     The idea of the GOF test is to compare the
    observed counts for our sample with the
    counts that we expect from the population. The
    more the observed counts differ from the
    expected counts, the more evidence we have to
    reject the null hypothesis.
    Expected Counts
     In general, the expected count for any
    categorical variable is obtained by
    multiplying the proportion of the
    distribution for each category by the
    sample size.
    A New Statistic
     The chi-square statistic (X2)is calculated using the
    formula:
    (O  E ) 22
    X 
    22

    E
     The larger the difference between the observed
    and expected counts, the larger X2 will be, and the
    more evidence there will be against H0.
    The Chi-Square Distribution
     The shape of the specific chi-square
    distribution used to assess the evidence against
    H0 is determined by the degrees of freedom. In
    a chi-square GOF test, the df = (the number of
    categories – 1).
    Various Chi-Square Distributions
    The Chi-Square GOF Test
    1. Name of test: 2 GOF

    2. State the Hypotheses:


    H0: the actual population proportions are
    equal to the hypothesized proportions

    Ha: at least one of these proportions is


    incorrect
    3. Check Conditions:
    S. SRS from population of interest

    E. All expected counts are at least 5 (or all are ≥


    1 and no more than 20% are < 5).

    4. Compute the df, test statistic and the P-


    value

    5. Interpretation in context
    Example: A Fair Die?
     Suppose you roll a die 60 times and get 12 ones,
    9 twos, 10 threes, 6 fours, 11 fives, and 12
    sixes. Do you have evidence that the die is
    unfair?
    What Did You Expect?
    Observed Expected
    Outcome
    Count, O Count, E

    1 12 10
    2 9 10
    3 10 10
    4 6 10
    5 11 10
    6 12 10
    Total 60 60
    Is It All in the Genes?
     One of the most common applications of the chi-square
    GOF test is in the field of genetics. Scientists want to
    investigate the genetic characteristics of offspring that
    result from mating parents with known genetic make-
    ups. They use rules about dominant and recessive genes
    to predict the ratio of offspring that will fall into each
    possible genetic category. Then the researchers mate the
    parents and classify the resulting offspring. The chi-
    square GOF test helps the scientists assess the validity
    of their hypothesized ratios.
    Red-Eyed Fruit Flies
     Biologists wish to mate two fruit flies having
    genetic make-up RrSs (R = red eyed, r = white
    eyed, S = straight-winged, and s = curly-
    winged.)

     Use a Punnett square to determine the


    biologists’ predicted ratio.
    Let the Mating Begin!
     To test their hypothesis about the distribution
    of the offspring, the biologists mate the fruit
    flies. Of 200 offspring, 99 had red eyes and
    straight wings, 42 had red eyes and curly
    wings, 49 had white eyes and straight wings,
    and 10 had white eyes and curly wings. Do
    these data differ significantly from what the
    biologists predicted?

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