UNDERSTANDING

GEOLOGIC
HAZARDS
•

LIZA SOCORRO J. MANZANO, MMEM

Supv. Science Research Specialist
 Geologic Setting of the Philippines

The geographic and geologic setting of the Philippines (part of

Pacific Ring of Fire) make it prone to various hazards such as
typhoon/rain-related, volcano-related, earthquake-related
 Philippines: A geohazards-prone country
Numerous active
Faults and
Trenches
Numerous volcanic
belts and active
volcanoes
Generally
mountainous
terrane and steep
slopes
Numerous typhoons
and extended
rainy
seasons/periods
Strong and shifting
Exacerbated by….
wave currents
Silted rivers and, in urban areas, clogged waterways
Deforested and denuded forests
POOR SITE SELECTION OF SETTLEMENT SITES!
Approximately 20
quakes/day

4 – 5 felt
earthquakes/week
 Philippines Along the Typhoon Belt

• ~ 20 tropical cyclones per year enter Philippine Area of Responsibility

• ~ 9 cross the country per year
• heavy rains related to many weather systems – ex. typhoon,
moonsoon, coldfront
•NATURAL
VolcanicDISASTERS
 
Hazards IN THE
PHILIPPINES
•TSUNAMI
• EARTHQUAKE
1.) Tephra Fall
Mt. Pinatubo Eruption
1991
 • FLOODING
• MASS WASTING

LAHAR
Ashfall
Bamban, Tarlac Before
Clark Air Base

Coastal areas of Maguindanao

Province was submerged by the
tsunamis.

Baguio,
Guinsaugon July
Leyte, 1990 2006
February
Infanta Quezon, Nov. 2004 After
September 1991
 Ang “Landslide” o Guho
Ang “landslide” o guho ay ang pagbaba ng lupa, bato,
burak dahil sa “gravity” o batak ng natural na magneto
ng ating daigdig.
Barangay San Jose, Antipolo City,
September 2012

Pantukan Landslide, Province of Compostela Valley, April Brgy. Guinsaugon,St. Bernard, Southern Leyte Landslide of
2011 2006

Landslide = Mass wasting

CROWN

SCARP OR
ESCARPMENT

TOE
LITEX LANDSLIDE, Quezon City
Habagat 2012
 MGA NATURAL NA
PAMANTAYAN NG GUHO

matatarik na dalisdis o slope mga basag-basag at buhaghag na bato

Manipis na tubo ng halaman Mahina at makapal na lupa

 Infanta, Quezon, 2004

No landslide despite cogon grass

Landslide despite thick
vegetation only
vegetation

Vegetation vs. slope angle

Japan landslide.avi
“No amount of vegetation can hold the ground in the
case of deep-seated landslides.”
 MGA URI NG LANDSLIDE
Very Slow Fast Very fast
(<1 cm/year) (1mm/day to 1.0 km /hr) (>4km/hr)

Flow CREEP EARTH OR MUDFLOW DEBRIS

AVALANCHE
Slip DEBRIS SLIDE OR SLUMPTYPE

Fall ROCKFALL
“LANDSLIDES”
 MGA URI NG LANDSLIDE

Creep

Very slow, continuous, downslope

movement of soil or unconsolidated earth
materials at the rate of less than a
centimeter per year
 MGA URI NG LANDSLIDE

Slump

A slump occurs in coherent debris and

involves movement downward and outward
along a curved surface.
MGA URI NG LANDSLIDE

Slides result when rocks or debris slide down a pre-

existing surface, such as a bedding plane, foliation
surface, or joint surface (joints are regularly spaced
fractures in rock that result from expansion during
cooling or uplift of the rock mass).

Rockslide
MGA URI NG LANDSLIDE

Rockfall

A rock fall may be a single rock, or a

mass of rocks, and the falling rocks
can dislodge other rocks as they
collide with the cliff.
 MGA URI NG LANDSLIDE
Debris flows are the downslope flow
of relatively coarse material with a
significant component of water or air.
More than 50% of particles in a debris
flow are coarser than sand.

New Bataan Debris flow

Compostela Valley , Dec. 4, 2012 Former location of chapel

Debris Flow

Mudflow is the term used for materials that

is at least 50% sand, silt, and clay-size
material
Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte,2006

Mudflow
 MGA URI NG LANDSLIDE

Guinsaugon Debris Avalanche

February 2006

Debris avalanche, a very rapid moving, turbulent mass of debris, air, and water. Movement is
very fast because flow materials are moving along very steep slope of high elevation
 MGA SITWASYON NA
MAGPAPABILIS NG GUHO

Di-maayos na daluyan ng tubig Pagtatayo ng bahay sa gilid ng bangin

Di-maayos na konstruksiyon Iligal na pagkakahoy

 PAANO NAPAPABILIS NG ULAN ANG
“LANDSLIDE” O GUHO
1. Pagtaas ng “pore pressure” sa lupa, at
2. Pagbigat ng lupa

Water saturated soil--- frictional forces is reduced

--- overall stability of the slope is reduced.

Source: Internet
 SENYALES NG PAGKAKAROON
NG “LANDSLIDE”

Tilting of fence/walls Tension cracks

SENYALES NG PAGKAKAROON
NG “LANDSLIDE”

TERRACETTES
 SENYALES NG PAGKAKAROON
NG “LANDSLIDE”

Seepage
MGA DAPAT PAGBASEHAN SA
PAGPILI NG SETTLEMENT SITE
Bawal tumira sa mga matatarik na gulod, at sa mga lugar na may
mga makakapal na lupa
 Bawal tumira sa paanan ng mga matarik na gulod na dinadaanan ng maliliit
na sapa
.

Barangay Orquia
San Remigio, Antique
Bawal tumira sa
mga lugar na Barangay Maparat, Compostela,
tinabunan ng ComVal Province

nakaraang pag guho

Barangay San Antonio, Tandag

City, Surigao del Sur
Iwasan ang pagtira sa gilid na kinakain ng ilog
na paliko-liko
Iwasan ang pagtira sa lugar na dating dinadaan ng ilog o
natabunan ng mga deposito ng debris flow

Brgy. Andap, New Bataan, ComVal Province

Dingalan, Aurora

Iwasan ang pagtira sa lugar na malapit

bunganga ng ilog na may makipot na
lagusan
 Restrict urban development AND BUILDING SETTLEMENT along
unstable steep slopes unless properly mitigated using engineering measures.
STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 “PAKAPITIN”
Rib Concreting in Pasig City

Before After

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 Before
“PAKAPITIN”
Shotcreting at ULTRA, Pasig City
After

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 Rock Bolting/Soil Nailing
“PAKAPITIN”
Zentoku Landslide on
Tokushima island, Japan

Retaining Wall

E.N. Bromhead

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 “BAWASAN”

Wrong!

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
Correct
 “SALUHIN” NETS
NETS

RIPRAP
RIPRAP

STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
 “PADAANIN”

TRENCH
TRENCH DRAINS
DRAINS SLIDE
SLIDE FLUME
FLUME

SHIELD
SHIELD
“PALITAN AT TAPALAN”
“PALITAN AT TAPALAN”
Revegetation of Denuded Slope
FLOOD HAZARDS
 FLOODING O PAGBAHA
Angono,Rizal
September 29, 2009
(JAY DIRECTO/AFP/Getty Images)

Ang flooding o pagbaha ay ang pag-apaw ng sobrang tubig sa natural

nitong daluyan (tulad ng sapa, ilog at dagat).
Malakas at matagal na ulan + Geological Factors
Life Cycle of the River System
Flood Return Periods
Flood Mark

Flood mark

Flood mark
Straightening of River Channel
Shifting River Channel

Infanta, Quezon
BRAIDING STREAM

Brgy Andap, Campostela Valley

Location of Barangay Center/Hall of Andap, Bgy. Gym and National
Highway now occupied by boulders brought by the flashflood along
channel of Kalyawan Creek and Mayo River

Old stream path

National Highway

New stream path Andap Brgy Hall

Brgy Gym
 Mga Uri ng Pagbaha:
1. Ayon sa lokasyon na pinangyayarihan
ng baha Tacloban, Leyte
November 12, 2013
(Tribobot)

Marikina City
September 27, 2009
(NOEL CELIS/AFP/Getty Images)

River flooding (River floodplains) Coastal flooding (Shorelines)

Metro Manila
September 27, 2009
(REUTERS/Erik de Castro)

Urban flooding (Paved roads & grounds)

 Mga Uri ng Pagbaha:
1. Ayon sa tagal ng pagbaha
(duration)
Santa Cruz, Laguna Pulilan, Bulacan
October 31, 2009 December 2, 2004
(Reuters)

Sheetflooding

Malawakang pagbaha dahil sa pag-apaw ng malaking daluyan ng tubig

Matagal na paghupa ng tubig

 Mga Uri ng Pagbaha:
2. Ayon sa tagal ng pagbaha
(duration)
New Bataan, Compostela Valley
December 2012
 Mga Lugar na Madalas ang
Pagbaha
Mga dating dinadaanan ng
Mga ilog at sapa....
sapa

Mga mababang lugar....

MGA SANHI NG PAGBAHA DAHIL SA KAGAGAWAN NG TAO

Illegal logging

“Kaingin”

Indiscriminate Land Use

Irresponsible Waste Disposal

 FLOOD STRUCTURAL MITIGATING MEASURES
• Levees, Dikes
• Channel modifications

•Floodwalls

•Dams
 • River Dredging

• Temporary Floodwater • Floodways and

Containment Structure Diversions
 Other Engineering Measures

• Temporary Ponding
System
• Sub drainages
 VERY HIGH LANDSLIDE
NON-STRUCTURALSUSCEPTIBILITY
MITIGATION
Unstable areas, significant areas of which
are affected by mass movement. Human
initiated effects are usually high.

HIGH LANDSLIDE
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Unstable areas, highly susceptible to mass
movement.

MODERATE LANDSLIDE
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Stable areas with occasional or localized to
mass movement.

LOW LANDSLIDE
SUSCEPTIBILITY
Stable areas with no identified landslide
scars, either active or relict .
 NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

Incorporation of geohazard maps and

reports on the Comprehensive Land Use
Plan (CLUP) and Zoning Map

Geohazard Maps
KARST SUBSIDENCE HAZARDS
DUE TO SINKHOLES

Mines and Geosciences Bureau -

Sinkhole Assessment Team
COASTAL EROSION
HAZARDS
 Coastal Geohazards – Impacts of Sea Level Change

Identification of areas that

are vulnerable to coastal
geohazards and impacts of
sea level changes such as
coastal erosion/accretion,
coastal inundation, delta
subsidence and saltwater
intrusion and groundwater
quality
Coastal Hazard Map
Coastal Structures Affected by Sea Level Rise
Evidences of coastal erosion

Sultan Naga Dimaporo

Misamis Occidental

Due to human and marine

transgressions
 Beach erosion incident in Candelaria,
Zambales
• Reported beach collapse
happened at around 4:30
pmof June 22, 2013
coinciding with the low tide
• The beach flat slumped by
around 1-2 meters deep,
100 meters long and caused
the sea to move landward
for about 10 meters
 Shoreline Changes from 1977-2013
Candelaria, Zambales

2013 Shoreline
(Actual DGPS Survey)

2003 Shoreline
(2003 Google Earth Imagery)

1977 Shoreline
(NAMRIA Topo Map)

NOTE: Image from 2010 Google

Earth Imagery
KARST SUBSIDENCE HAZARD DUE TO
SINKHOLES
 KARST
A comprehensive term applied to
limestone areas that possesses a
topography peculiar to and
dependent upon underground
water solution and diversion of
surface waters to underground K
route.
Cross-Section of a Karst
Limestone Areas in
the Philippines
Legend:
Waters circulate through cracks and pores and
remove calcium bicarbonate by dissolution.

Limestone + Carbonic acid (rainwater) = Calcium Bicarbonate (soluble limestone)

CaCO3 + H2CO3 = Ca(HCO3)2
CAVES
SINKHOLES
Ground depression or opening
formed commonly found in
soluble rocks formed when the
underlying or subterranean void
weakens support of the
overlying surface.
Sinkhole
 LAND SUBSIDENCE

The lowering of the land surface due to sinkhole

collapse or due to strong earthquake.
Subsidence due to sinkhole collapse in karst is one
of the most dangerous geohazards due to its
extreme unpredictability
 SOLUTION sinkhole

Action of Ponding of surface

rain/groundwater depression

Brgy. Trinidad, Guihulngan, Negros Oriental

Modified from: http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/unesco/diagrams.html

 COVER-SUBSIDENCE sinkhole

Continuous Surface
Spalling Piping
dissolution & infill depression

Brgy. Brgy.
Lomboy, Pangangan
Cabawan, Island,City,
Tagbilaran Calape, Bohol
Bohol

Modified from: http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/unesco/diagrams.html

 COVER-COLLAPSE sinkhole

Progressive roof Sudden

Spalling Arch formation
collapse sinkhole

Brgy. Obujan, Antequera, Bohol Island

Modified from: http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/unesco/diagrams.html

CAUSES OF SINKHOLE COLLAPSE
• Gravity
• Lowering of water table
• Heavy rainfall (sinkhole flooding)
• Ground movement due to earthquake
• Ponding of subterranean river
• Subsidence in coral reef
SIGNS OF SINKHOLES IN YOUR BACKYARD
TENSION CRACKS
SPALLING - Splitting into chips or fragments where fragments of a
material (spall) are ejected from a body due to impact and stress.
CAVE COLLAPSE
SIGNS OF SINKHOLES UNDER YOUR HOMES
Subsidence Hazard Assessment and Mapping

Methodology
IFSAR
Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar

Space-born technology
that uses phase
interferometry methods
to produce pairs of high
resolution SAR images to
be derived into Digital
Elevation Models (DEMs)
(Richards,2007)
Insert source
Sink Tool: Sink Measurements
ANECDOTAL ACCOUNTS
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL / GEOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
CAVE IMAGING USING GROUND
PENETRATING RADAR
RESULTS
Name of Barangay Number of Sinkhole Size Range of Aperture (meter)

Geological
IFSAR IFSAR IFSAR (DEM)
Assessment Total Geological Assessment
(DEM) (Topo) Depth Range 1-5 meters
 
 
Basdio 17 5 3 25 1 – 200 25 – 150
Bato 4 0 0 4 6 - 600 0
Biabas 6 12 19 37 1 – 100 5 – 200
Bayong 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bulawan 8 1 0 9 1 – 200 15
Cabantian 17 2 0 19 1 – 150 0
Canhaway 25 0 0 25 1 – 200 0
Cansiwang 0 0 0 0 0 0
Casbu 3 0 0 3 12 – 400 0
0
Catungawan Norte 4 0 4 0.5 – 60 0

0
Catungawan Sur 20 0 20 3 – 100 0

Guinacot 20 3 0 23 1 – 100 10 – 100

Guio-ang 18 8 0 26 1.5 – 600 10 – 200
Lombog 9 5 3 17 3 – 100 10 – 200
Mayuga 3 0 0 3 2 – 50 0
Sawang 5 0 0 5 5 – 40 0
Tabajan 2 0 0 2 10 – 50 0
Tabunok 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trinidad 14 2 0 16 3 – 35 20
TOTAL 175 38 25 238    
THREAT ADVISORIES
THANK YOU!!!

Mines and Geosciences Bureau - DENR

North Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Philippines 1101