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    5.power System Representation

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    Takawira
    This document provides information on power system analysis and modeling. It discusses components of a power system like generators, transformers, transmission lines and loads. It explains single line diagrams and per unit representations which are used to model large power systems. Equivalent circuits like impedance and reactance diagrams are formed by approximating the system. An example is given to illustrate forming a reactance diagram and representing components in per unit values with a generator rating as the base.

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    5.power System Representation

    Uploaded by

    Takawira
    221 views34 pages
    This document provides information on power system analysis and modeling. It discusses components of a power system like generators, transformers, transmission lines and loads. It explains single line diagrams and per unit representations which are used to model large power systems. Equivalent circuits like impedance and reactance diagrams are formed by approximating the system. An example is given to illustrate forming a reactance diagram and representing components in per unit values with a generator rating as the base.

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    5.POWER SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

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    This document provides information on power system analysis and modeling. It discusses components of a power system like generators, transformers, transmission lines and loads. It explains single line diagrams and per unit representations which are used to model large power systems. Equivalent circuits like impedance and reactance diagrams are formed by approximating the system. An example is given to illustrate forming a reactance diagram and representing components in per unit values with a generator rating as the base.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    221 views34 pages

    5.power System Representation

    Uploaded by

    Takawira
    This document provides information on power system analysis and modeling. It discusses components of a power system like generators, transformers, transmission lines and loads. It explains single line diagrams and per unit representations which are used to model large power systems. Equivalent circuits like impedance and reactance diagrams are formed by approximating the system. An example is given to illustrate forming a reactance diagram and representing components in per unit values with a generator rating as the base.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 34

    POWER SYSTEM T C NJENDA

    REPRESENTATION
    POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
    Generally the evaluation of power system is called power system analysis
     Functions of power system analysis
    1. To monitor the voltage at various buses, real and reactive power flow between buses.
    2. To design the circuit breakers.
    3. To plan future expansion of the existing system
    4. To analyze the system under different fault conditions
    5. To study the ability of the system for small and large disturbances (Stability studies)
    GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A
    POWER SYSTEM
    COMPONENTS OF A POWER
    SYSTEM
    1. Alternator
    2. Power transformer
    3. Transmission lines
    4. Substation transformer
    5. Distribution transformer
    6. Loads
    SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
    A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the
    components are represented by their symbols and interconnection between them are
    shown by a straight line even though the system is three phase system.
    The ratings and the impedances of the components are also marked on the single
    line diagram.
    A complete diagram of a power system representing all the three phases becomes
    too complicated for a system of practical size, so much so that it may no longer
    convey the information it is intended to convey
    SINGLE-PHASE SOLUTION OF
    BALANCED THREE-PHASE
    NETWORKS

      For balanced three phase networks
    The electrical separation of phases is
    If we consider the diagram in the next slide does not affect network calculations
    therefore
    BALANCED THREE-PHASE
    NETWORK
    SINGLE-PHASE EQUIVALENT
    OF A BALANCED THREE-
    PHASE NETWORK
    THREE-PHASE Y/Y
    TRANSFORMER
    SINGLE-PHASE EQUIVALENT OF 3-
    PHASE Y/Y TRANSFORMER
    Y/∆ TRANSFORMER WITH
    EQUIVALENT STAR CONNECTION
    SINGLE-PHASE EQUIVALENT
    OF Y/∆ TRANSFORMER
    SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRICAL
    AND ELECTRONICS
    DIAGRAMS
    IMPEDANCE AND REACTANCE
    DIAGRAMS
    Impedance diagram & approximations made in impedance diagram
    The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the
    various components of power system are represented by their approximate or
    simplified equivalent circuits.
    The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.
    Approximation:
    (i) The neutral reactances are neglected.
    (ii) The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected.
    IMPEDANCE AND REACTANCE
    DIAGRAMS
    Reactance diagram & approximations made in reactance diagram
    The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in
    which the various components of power system are represented by their reactances.
    The reactance diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive
    components are neglected.
    The reactance diagram is used for fault calculations.
    IMPEDANCE AND REACTANCE
    DIAGRAMS
    Approximation:
    (i) The neutral reactances are neglected.
    (ii) The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected.
    (iii) The resistances are neglected.
    (iv) All static loads are neglected.
    (v) The capacitance of transmission lines are neglected.
    PROCEDURE TO FORM REACTANCE
    DIAGRAM FROM SINGLE LINE
    DIAGRAM
    1.Select a base power kVAb or MVAb
    2.Select a base voltage kVb
    3. The voltage conversion is achieved by means of transformer kVb on LT section=
    kVb on HT section
    x LT voltage rating/HT voltage rating
    4. When specified reactance of a component is in ohms p.u reactance=actual
    reactance/base reactance specified reactance of a component is in p.u
    ONE LINE DIAGRAM AND IMPEDANCE
    OR REACTANCE DIAGRAM
    Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams, see IEEE Std 315-1975.
    IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM OF
    THE POWER SYSTEM
    SLNGLE-LINE DIAGRAM OF AN
    ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
    THE PER-PHASE IMPEDANCE
    DIAGRAM CORRESPONDING
    TO THE SINGLE-LINE
    DIAGRAM
    REDUCED PER PHASE
    IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
     The per unit value of any quantity is defined as

    The per unit method is particularly convenient in power systems as the various
    sections of a power system are connected through transFormers and have different
    voltage levels.
    Consider first a single-phase system.
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
    Let
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
    In a three-phase system rather than obtaining the per unit values using per phase
    base quantities, the per unit values can be obtained directly BY using three phase
    base quantities.
    Let

    Assuming star connection (equivalent star can always be found)


    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
     

    when MVA base is changed from to and kV base is changed from to the new per
    unit impedance from the previous equation is given by
    PER UNIT REPRESENTATION
    OF A TRANSFORMER
     The delta connected winding of the transformer is replaced by an equivalent star so
    that the transformation ratio of the equivalent single-phase transformer is always the
    line-to-line voltage ratio of the three-Phase transformer
    Consider a transformer with primary and secondary leakage reactances Zp and Zs,
    and an ideal transformer of ratio 1:a The magnetizing impedance is neglected.
    Let us choose-a voltampere base of (VA)B and voltage bases on the two sides of the
    transformer in the ratio of transformation, i.e.
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM
    PER UNIT (PU) SYSTEM

    From we can write

    Converting the equation into pu


    EXAMPLE
    Example. A 300-MVA 20kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of
    20%. The generator supplies a number of synchronous motors over a 64-km
    transmission line having transformers at both ends, as shown below. The motors are
    all rated 13.2kV. The neutral of one motor M1, is grounded through reactance. The
    neutral of the second motor M2 is not connected to ground (an un usual condition).
    Rated inputs to the motors are 200 MVA and 100 kVA for M1 and M2 respectively.
    For both motors X = 20%. The three-phase transformer Tl is rated 350 MVA, 230/20
    kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is composed of three single-
    phase transformers, each rated 127/13.2 kV, 100 MVA with leakage reactance of
    10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5 Ω/km. Draw the reactance
    diagram with all reactances marked in per unit. Select the generator rating as base
    in the generator

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