POLYMERS - Application
POLYMERS - Application
POLYMERS - Application
for Engineers
MSE 460/560
Doug Loy Chemistry
Physics
Applications
Properties
Processing
Major Functions of Polymers
Adhesives Barriers
superglue
Polyethylene landfill
epoxies polyethylene Garbage bags
polyesters Sarah wrap
Structural Insulation
components Polyurethane foam
PPMA or PC Styrofoam
transparent sheets Polyethylene wire coatings
Molded ABS or HIPS Bakelite (phenol-formaldehyde)
COURSE WEBSITE:
Loy group website, courses, MSE 460/560 Spring 2010
http://www.loyresearchgroup.com/
http://www.loyresearchgroup.com/mse-460560-polymer-scie
nce-for-engineers.html
Office Hours
• Old Chemistry 309
• Tuesday 1-3 pm
• Monday and Wednesday 11am-noon
• or by appointment
Textbook:
Read Chapter 1
by next Wednesday
Grading
• Three exams: 300 pts
• Final: 200 pts
• HWK: 150 pts
• Research Paper: 100 pts
• Graduates (MSE 560)
Oral Presentation: 100 pts
“I ate sushi yesterday, I became sick today, therefore the sushi made me ill.”
PVC
Polymers are everywhere
PVC
Transportation
PSty Polyester
PES
Food
Packaging Electronics
PVC Polyisoprene
PP
Medical Clothing
Supplies
Nylon Construction
SAN
PC
Manufactured
Goods
We use a lot of polymers.
1012 bags/year!!
What are polymers?
Poly = many & meros = parts (Greek)
Macromolecules = large molecules
H H catalyst
n H
H polyethylene
H n
H
ethylene
Styrofoam ®
YOUNG’S MODULI: COMPARISON
Graphite
Metals Composites
Ceramics Polymers
Alloys /fibers
1200
10 00
Semicond
E ceramics
Diamond
800
600
400 Tungsten
Si carbide
Al oxide Carbon fibers only
> E metals
Molybdenum Si nitride
E(GPa) 200
Steel, Ni
Tantalum
Platinum
<111>
Si crystal
CFRE(|| fibers)* >> E polymers
Cu alloys <100> Aramid fibers only
10 0 Zinc, Ti
80 Silver, Gold AFRE(|| fibers)*
60 Aluminum Glass -soda Glass fibers only Based on data in Table B2,
Magnesium, G FRE(|| fibers)* Callister 6e.
40 Tin
Concrete Composite data based on
10 9 Pa 20 GFRE*
CFRE *
reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
of aligned
G raphite G FRE( fibers)*
10 carbon (CFRE),
8 CFRE( fibers) *
6 AFRE( fibers) *aramid (AFRE), or
Polyester
4 PET
glass (GFRE)
PS fibers.
PC Epoxy only
2
PP
1 HDP E
0.8
0.6 Wood( grain)
PTF E
0.4
0.2 LDPE
13
YIELD STRENGTH: COMPARISON
Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
20 00
Steel (4140) qt
y(ceramics)
10 00
>>y(metals)
y (MPa)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a
700 W (pure) >> y(polymers)
600 Cu (71500) cw
500 Mo (pure)
Hard to measure,
200 Steel (1020) hr
Ti (pure) a ¨
Ta (pure)
Cu (71500) hr Based on data in Table B4,
Yield strength,
Callister 6e.
100 a = annealed
dry
70 PC hr = hot rolled
60 Al (6061) a Nylon 6,6 ag = aged
50 PET
PVC humid
cd = cold drawn
40 cw = cold worked
PP
30 HDPE qt = quenched & tempered
20
LDPE
Tin (pure) 17
10
Why use polymers
• Easy to process
– Injection molding (thermoplastics)
– Mold or reaction injection molding (thermosets)
• Cheap
• Lightweight
• Tough
• Flexible
• Transparent (sometimes)
• Insulating (generally)
How do we classify polymers?
• By origin
• Physical behavior
• Structure/Architecture
• Application/function
• Polymerization mechanism
• Polymerization chemistry
• Cost
Origin of Polymers
Biopolymers
– Protein: horn, cartilage, hair, hide, ligaments, tusks
– Composite structures: bone, shells
– Plant materials:
• Cellulose (cotton, sisal, hemp) fiber
• lignin & cellulose (wood)
• Chitan (insect & crustacean exoskeletons)
Synthetic Polymers
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas
Petroleum from petra oleum (rock oil)
Origins: Two Families of Polymers
Biological Synthetic
Polymers
O O
* N N O *
n
n O O
Me
polyimide (PI)
latex rubber
*
*
n
Me *
n
*
polystyrene
gutta percha
*
* n
Me CO2Me
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
Physical Behavior & Architecture
• Thermoplastics
Polystyrene
Polyvinylchloride
• Elastomers
Synthetic rubbers
Poly-cis-isoprene
• Thermosets
Phenolic Resins
Melamines
epoxies
Source: R. Esfand, D.A. Tomalia, A.E. Beezer, J.C. Mitchell, M. Hardy, C. Orford,
Polymer Preprints, 41 (2), 1324 (2000)
Applications/Function
O
• Structural *
N
*
H n
Nylon-6
• Coatings *
*
n
O
O
• Fibers
Poly(vinyl acetate) or PVA
O O
O
• Adhesives * O O n *
O O O O
N N N N N N N N
H H H H
N N
O NH HN O
Urea-Formaldehyde
Taxonomy by polymerization mechanism
Chain Growth Mechanism
•Free radical
•Anionic
•Cationic Initiation
•Ring opening Initiator I
metathesis
I I
R R
Propagation
P R P R R
R
Step growth
•Condensation Termination
•Metathesis R R P R R P
P R R P R R
*
* n
high density polyethylene
*
*
n
polystyrene
*
* n
Cl
polyvinyl chloride
Not recyclable
*
* n
low density polyethylene
Cost: Commodity (Amorphous) Thermoplastics
• Four high volume thermoplastics and applications:
– Polyethylene (PE): Grocery bag, 55-gallon drum, lawn
furniture
– Polypropylene (PP): Washing machine agitator, carpet
– Polyvinylchloride (PVC): Irrigation pipe, wire insulation
– Polystyrene (PS): Toys, pipes, packing material (Styrofoam)
Polystyrene
Bison-Hide teepee
Yucca-fiber sandals
Poly-cis-isoprene
IUPAC: cis-poly(1-methyl-1-butene-1,4-diyl)
Elastomer:
50% of Rubber tires
Latex rubber gloves
Charles Goodyear
(1800 - 1860)
S S
S S
S S
S S > 140 °C
S
S
H
H
IUPAC: trans-poly(1-methyl-1-butene-1,4-diyl)
* *
n cis-Polyisoprene cis-poly(1-methyl-1-butene-1,4-diyl) latex
* *
n Polychloroprene poly(1-chloro-1-butene-1,4-diyl) Neoprene
Cl Cl
Me Me
Me
*
* Polyisobutylene poly(1,1-dimethyl-ethene-1,2-diyl) Butyl Rubber
n Me
Block Copolymers
Polystyrene-block-poly-1,4-butadiene-block-polystyrene
a c
b
Block-copolymer[styrene-butadiene-styrene]
SBS
Alternating Copolymers
CO2Me
* Poly[styrene-alt-(methyl methacrylate)]
Ph Me CO2Me Ph
CN
Alt-copoly[styrene/methyl methacrylate]
Alternating Copolymers
CN
* Cl Poly[styrene-alt-(acrylonitrile)-alt-(vinylidene dichloride)]
Ph NC Cl Cl
Ph
Cl
Alt-copoly[styrene/acrylonitrile/vinylidene
dichloride]
Alternating Copolymers
Block Copolymers
Block & Alternating Copolymer
Poly[methyl acrylate-block-
(poly(maleic anhydride)-alt-styrene)]
CO2Me
*
MeO2C NC Cl Cl
Ph
Block-copoly[alt-co(styrene/maleic
O O
anhydride)methyl acrylate]
O
Nomenclature of Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC Trade nam
O O
* * NH2
N HO
H n
6-aminohexanoic acid poly(6-hexanomide)
poly(imino(1-oxohexamethylene)) Nylon-6
O
NH polycaprolactam
azepan-2-one
or caprolactam
O
O
* * O
O polycaprolactone poly(oxy(1-oxohexamethylene))
n
O O HO2C CO2H
* poly(ethylene terephthalate) Poly(oxyethylene PETE
* O O -oxyterephthaloyl)
n OH
HO
Nomenclature of Polyether Thermoplastics
cture Monomer Common Name IUPAC
O O
* *
n polyethyleneoxide polyoxyethylene
ethylene oxide
or oxirane
PEG
O
* * HO poly(ethylene glycol) polyoxyethylene
n OH
ethylene glycol
O
O poly(tetrahydrofuran) poly(oxytetramethylene)
* *
n
tetrahydrofuran
O
O
* * poly(propylene-oxide) poly(oxy(1-methylethylene)
Me n Me
propylene oxide
Nomenclature of Polyether Thermoplastics
O
*
* O n H H poly(formaldehyde) poly(oxymethylene)
formaldehyde
Me O
*
* O n Me H poly(acetaldehyde) poly(oxyethylidene) Delrin
acetaldehyde
Me Me
poly(phenyleneoxide) poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-
* O * OH 1,4-phenylene)
n
Me Me
Delrin
Nomenclature of Vinyl Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC Trade Name
*
* Polyethylene poly(ethylene) PE
n
Me Me
*
* Polypropylene poly(propylene) PP
n
Cl Cl
*
* Polyvinyl chloride poly(1-chloroethylene) PVC
n
Ph
*
* Polystyrene poly(1-phenylethylene) PS
n
O
OMe
Me CO2Me
*
* Polymethyl methacrylate poly(1-(methoxycarbonyl) PMMA
n Me -1-methylethylene)
Nomenclature of Vinyl Thermoplastics
Structure Monomer Common Name IUPAC Trade Name
O
HO O Me
* * Polyvinyl alcohol poly(1-hydroxyethylene) PVA
n
O
AcO
O Me
*
* Polyvinyl acetate poly(1-acetoxyethylene)
n
NC
CN
*
* Polyacrylonitrile poly(1-cyanoethylene) PAN
n
O OEt
NC CO2Et
*
* Poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) poly(1-cyano-1-(ethoxy Super glue
n CN carbonyl)ethylene)
F F F F
* * Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon
n F F
FF
Tacticity: How groups are arranged along polymer
Vinyl Monomers
R R R R R R R R R R R
isotactic
R R R R R R R R R R R
syndiotactic
R
R R R R R R R R R R
atactic
H R
Polymer
R R R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R R
Polymer
isotactic
R H
Looksing at indicated atoms from the left
H R
Polymer
R R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R R R R R
Polymer
syndiotactic
H R