WU, Urban and regional planning undergraduate program

URBAN AND REGIONAL

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
4th year, 2nd semester
Course No. URPL4054

Instructor:
Tadesse B.
COURSE OBJECTIVE

 Urban systems
 Urban Theories and Models
 Fundamental Principles To Create A City
 Urban Systems
 Urban System refers to a complete interdependent set
of urban settlements of different sizes that exists within
a particular territory such as a region or a country

 The core of the concept of urban systems can be

defined by linkages and interactions between urban
centers:
 Which is the flow of peoples, goods, services,
capital, information among urban centers
 Urban Systems
 Such flows reflect and define the relative
position and status of a particular urban center
within a given urban system

 For a given urban area to grow, it must expand

its linkages to other places and increase the
size of its hinterland
 Urban Theories

 Rank Size Rule Theory

 Central Place Theory
 Urban Hierarchy: Rank-Size Rule
 Developed by G.K. Zipf in 1949, this rule
established the relationship between cities
population size and their rank within an
urban system
 This phenomenon can be explained with law
of primate city
 Urban Hierarchy: Rank-Size Rule
A primate city is the major centre with no rivalry from
any city within the country. Some examples:
Argentina: Buenos Aires is 10 times larger than
Rosario
France: Paris is 8 times bigger than Marseilles
Concentrating population and economic activity in
cities brings great efficiency gains; but as the size of the
largest city increases, diminishing returns may set in.
 Urban Hierarchy: Rank-Size Rule

 The efficiency benefits may be cancelled out by

the costs of congestion, pollution, and all the
other side effects of size and density
 Primacy is here calculated as: the ratio of the
population of the country's largest city to the
combined population of the next two largest
cities
Countries with the Highest Rates of Primacy
Thailand 9.48
Suriname 8.24
Togo 7.92
Uruguay 7.37
Chile 5.98
Uganda 5.94
Ethiopia 5.82
Mongolia 5.67
Peru 5.43
Countries with the Lowest Rates of Primacy
Benin 0.58
South Africa 0.59
Venezuela 0.65
The Netherlands 0.70
Egypt 0.72
Australia 0.76
China 0.78
United States 0.84
India 0.86
 Urban Hierarchy: Rank-Size Rule
Presence of a primate city generally indicates:
 An imbalance in development
 An underdeveloped economy
 An agriculturally dominant economy
 A rapidly expanding population with
dominant city-ward migration
 A recent colonial history
 Urban Hierarchy: Rank-Size Rule

 A primate city must be at least twice as

populous as the second largest city in a
country
 Central Place Theory
 The Central Place Theory was
developed by German geographer
Walter Christaller in 1933
 Central Place Theory

 He developed the Central Place Theory by

studying settlements in southern Germany to
understand how urban settlements developed
and spaced out in relation to each other
 Central Place Theory
 Urban system is a network of urban area that
are interconnected or interrelated
 Central Place Theory is the one most
important and populous theories/models
around the world and is a part of urban
system
 The whole purpose of the theory/model was to
just explain the different patterns of urban
land use
 Central Place
Theory
 Central Place Theory
 There are four important concepts/ideas we
need to understand that are a part of this
model
 Urban center
 Threshold
 Range
 Hinterland
 Central Place Theory
Urban center: servers almost exclusively as a
center for providing services which is
pretty much the main function of the
city not necessarily to provide housing
or manufacturing
: so those services in the urban
center serves the population of the
hinterland
 Central Place Theory

Threshold: the minimum number people that

are required in order to support a
service

Thresho
ld
 Central Place Theory

Range: is the maximum distance people are

willing to travel to use a Service

e ng
Ra
 Central Place Theory
 The range and Threshold are generally
Longer and Higher for higher-order goods
and services than for low order goods
respectively
Dr.
R

T
Brea
 Central Place Theory
Services Threshold Range
City Unique (general High long
hospital, university
etc….)
Town Share some services Medium Medium
with cites long

Villages Small scale services like Low short

& small market, post
office, café …
Hamlets
 Central Place Theory

Hinterland: is the area surrounding the city that

interacts with the market in regards
to the service.

Hinterla Centers
nd
The Reason He Chose Hexagon Over Circles And Squares

 Christaller model was a series of Hexagons

 Why? Because hexagon can represent a way in which
no geographic location is going to be un served

 Circles have an equal distance from the center to edge

but they leaves gaps or leaves the area un served

 Squares are connected with out gaps but their size is

not equal from the center
The Reason He Chose Hexagon Over Circles And Squares

 Circles have an equal distance from the center

to edge but they leaves gaps or leaves the area
un served
The Reason He Chose Hexagon Over Circles And Squares

 Squares are connected with out gaps but their

size is not equal from the center
 Shortcomings on Central Place Theory
1)All land surfaces are flat, he assumed there would
not be hills, mountains, and un inhabitable space
2) Population will be distributed evenly in all cities
3) All cities have the same resource
4)Consumers will go to the near market
5) Since all settlements are equidistant the
transportation cost is equal
6) There is a perfect competition between urban centre
 Urban Models

 Concentric Zone Model

 Sector Model
 Multiple Nuclei Model
Concentric Zone model
 Concentric Zone model

Also known as The Burgess Model

Developed in the 1920's by the urban
sociologist Ernest Burgess.
The model portrays how cities social groups
are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
 Concept of Concentric Zone model
The cost of Land and density decreases as we
move from ring one (CBD) to ring five
(Commuter Zone)
The size of the rings may vary based on:
 How large the population is; but the order
always remains the same
 Due to invasion (poor) and succession (rich):
when poor people move in close to the CBD
 Function of the Rings of Concentric Zone
model
1. Central Business District (CBD)
 This area of the city is a non-residential area and
it’s where businesses are. This areas called
downtown ,a lot of sky scrapers houses
government institutions, businesses, stadiums, and
restaurants
2. Zone of Transition (The Inner City)
 The zone of transition contains industry and has
poorer-quality housing available. Created by
subdividing larger houses into apartments (immigrants)

3. Zone of the working class

This area contains modest older houses occupied by
stable, working class families. A large percentage of the
people in this area rent.
4. Zone of better residence (Suburbs)
This zone contains newer and more spacious
houses. Mostly families in the middle-class live
in this zone.

5.Commuter’s Zone
 This area is located beyond the build-up area of
the city. Mostly upper class residents live in this
area..
 Shortcomings of Concentric Zone model
 It assumes an isotropic (Flat) plain
 The model does not fit polycentric cities
 It describes the peculiar American geography,
where the inner city is poor while suburbs are
wealthy; the converse is the norm elsewhere.
 No cars were assumed
 Sector model

Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees

growth of various urban activities as expanding along
roads, rivers, or train routes.
 Sector model
 Developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt
 It is a development of Sectors instead of Rings
 Social groups are arranged around a series of
sectors, or wedges radiating out from the central
business district (CBD) and centred on major
transportation lines
 Low-income households to be near railroad lines,
and commercial establishments to be along
Central Business District
(CBD)
 Is a Classic downtown
area that have lots of
economic activities in it
and it can be called kind
of the heart of a city
CB
D
Factories/Industries
 It contains
industries and
Main
transportation
facilities like
Arterial roads,
heavy train ways Industries
Low Class Residential
 This area is occupied
by the poor
 The land value is lower
because it exists
immediately in the
surrounding area of the
industries with air and Low Class
noise pollution
Middle Class
Residential
 They are a little bit
wealthier, the
properties and the
houses are a little
bit bigger and nicer
Middle Class
Residential
High Class Residential
 They are rich and
wealthy
 They live further away
from the Industries, the
CBD and the Poor
High Class
Residential
 Shortcomings Sector model
 Land is Flat
 The model is static: It doesn’t describe the
process by which land use changes
 Theory based on 20th century and does not take
into account cars which make commerce easier
 Applies well to some towns only
 Multiple Nuclei method

Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity, not a

single CBD. Ports, airports, universities attract certain uses
while repelling others.
 Multiple Nuclei method

The Multiple Nuclei Model is an ecological model

created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in
the 1945

City grows from several independent points rather

than from one central business district
 Multiple Nuclei method
As these sectors expand, they merge to form a single
urban area

Ports, universities, airports and parks also act as

nodes

Based on the idea that people have greater

movement due to increased car ownership.
 The Model Has Three Geographic
Principles
1) Certain activities require highly specialized
facilities
• Accessible transportation for a factory
• Large areas of open land for a housing
tract
2) Certain activities cluster because they profit
from mutual association
 Shortcomings Multiple Nuclei Model
 Land is Flat
 The model is static: It doesn’t describe the
process by which land use changes
 It doesn’t represent all cities (USA centered)
There are six fundamental
principles to a “City”
need to get right
1.Not too chaotic, not too
ordered
 One of the things we really love in cities is
order
 Order means
 Balance,
 Symmetry and
 Repetition
 It means the same things happen again and
again
 The left side matching the right side

L. R.
s s
 The left side
L.
s
 The right side

R.
s
 Order is one of the reasons so many people
love Paris
 Order is one of the reasons so many people
love Paris
 Most cities are a complete mess; when it is a
mess it seems like no one is in charge and that’s
worrying
 Most cities are a complete mess; when it is a
mess it seems like no one is in charge and that’s
worrying
 Most cities are a complete mess; when it is a
mess it seems like no one is in charge and that’s
worrying
 Most cities are a complete mess; when it is a
mess it seems like no one is in charge and that’s
worrying
 Its horrible when everything is jumbled up and
Random

High Rise
Inclined Roof Flat
Roof Geometr
ical box Box
 It is not sky scrapers is unwanted in a city
 It is sky scrapers that have been damped
without planning
 They are increasing in London
 They are increasingly in new York shows the
ordered way that people love
• However excessive order can be just as much of
a problem
• However excessive order can be just as much of
a problem
• To much regularity can be soul destroying
• To much order feels rigid and alien it can be
depressing, relentless and harsh
• To much order feels rigid and alien (Strange) it
can be depressing, relentless and harsh
• To much order feels rigid and alien it can be
Depressing, relentless and harsh
• To much order feels rigid and alien it can be
depressing, Monotonous and harsh
• To much order feels rigid and alien it can be
depressing, relentless and Harsh
• To much order feels rigid and alien it can be
depressing, relentless and Harsh
• To much order feels rigid and alien it can be
depressing, relentless and Harsh
 So, the idea we seeking is
 Variety and Order
 In Cetch republic:
 Every house is the same width and height
But within that ordered pattern every house
has been allowed freedom at the level of
FORM
 But within that ordered pattern every house
has been allowed freedom at the level COLOR
HEIG
HT

WID
 a m
rd
In s te
Am
 a m
rd
In s te
Am
The patterns are quite strict
 Each house has the same height and width
 The color range is restricted
 But within this grid each unit is completely
individual
 This shows the idea of ORDER AND VARIETY
is perfectly in the middle of chaos and
boringness

 This is what humans

Chaos ORDER Boring adore
&  More cities should
VARIET have order and
Y variety
 To much To much Simple
Mess/Variety Order

Off
? Bori
Putting ng
So what we crave/need is organized
complexity
 CONT’D
Modern urban
planning : Single
function areas
Residenti Indust CB Indust Residenti
al ry D ry al
 The adoption of single-use zoning strategies has
resulted in serious problems for cities
 Urban sprawl has increased,
 The quality and vitality of many urban centers has
declined, and
 Mixed land-use
 Floor area distribution for a sustainable
neighborhood is
 40 to 60 percent for economic use
 30 to 50 per cent for residential use and
 10 per cent for public services.
 The set of recommended standards is a
range to allow for flexibility so that
different cities can adapt them to their own
 CONT’D
 The purpose of mixed land-use is to create
 Local jobs
 Promote the local economy
 Reduce car dependency
 Encourage pedestrian and cyclist traffic
 Reduce landscape fragmentation
 Provide closer public services and
support mixed communities
 CONT’D
 When different functions are mixed in one
neighborhood economic and residential
activities should be made compatible and well
balanced by careful design and management
 The Compatibility of different land uses depends
mainly on the noise and pollution levels.
 A careful study on land use compatibility should
be carried out to protect the community
wellbeing and area livability.
 Social mix
 The availability of houses in different price
ranges and tenures in any given
neighborhood to accommodate different
incomes
 20 to 50 per cent of the residential floor area
should be for low cost housing
 And each tenure type should be not more
than 50 per cent of the total
 CONT’D
 Social mix is a socio-spatial concept, with the
following objectives:
 To promote more social interaction and
social cohesion across groups
 To generate job opportunities
 To overcome place-based stigma
 To attract additional services to the
neighborhood
2. VISIBLE LIFE
 The second thing that make cities beautiful is
that they have to have Visible Life
 There are streets that are Dead
 And there are streets that are Alive
 This is the alive street in Honk Kong
 This is the alive scene in this painting
 In general we crave the alive ones
 Every one love this kind of cities because they
are
 Full of life and
 There is always plenty going on
 Contrast this with
dead streets of
many modern
cities
 Today a places
where a lot of
works gets done
look dull and
dead
 They are spaced along huge high ways you will
never go there unless you happened to work there
yourself because there is
nothing to see
 Most office
buildings are
brutally
anonymous the
people inside
may be working
and also it is a
fascinating staff
 But we just don’t know and it is disorienting
and cold and the street levels are dead
 Contrast this with the streets we all love where you
can see things going on & rendered with a bakery, a
market, book shop...
LIF
 More and more in modern cities; we hidden life
away & we have a lots of Dead shades, Dead
towers Connected up by dead motor ways where
you can barely glimpse your fellow humans
 More and more in modern cities we hidden life
away we have a lots of Dead shades, Dead towers
Connected up by dead motor ways where you can
barely glimpse/see your fellow humans
 Rather the old alleyway where you can see
people at work look at them in the eye as they
walk down on the road and feel connected to
others
 So lets make sure our streets
 Full of life
 Full of people doing staff you can see
through the widows
• That’s what makes certain cities so
attractive to walk along, the work is on
show the people are proud of what they are
doing and happy to let the world notice and
appreciate the practical side of things
 Streets that are Full of life
Adequate space for streets and an efficient street
network

 In a high density city, the amount of land

needed for roads and parking needs to
occupy at least 30 per cent
 And at least 15-20 per cent is allocated for
open public space
 It will include a street hierarchy with
arterial routes and local streets based on
traffic speed differences
 CONT’D
 To develop sustainable mobility, the design
of the street network should consider the
following aspects:
 Streets are walkable and cyclist friendly
 Public transport is encouraged
 Road hierarchy is highly interconnected
 Sufficient parking space is provided
3. COMPACT
 In the past being able to be alone or just with
your partner or family was at first a huge
Achievement

Only The
Largest
Class
 The poor lived Homeless and it was
Horrid
 As soon as people had Money they want to move
out and have their own plots
 Through the latter decades of the 20th century
more and more people tacked themselves away in
a private rails and it has been a disaster it become
 Deadly
 Cold
 Boring and
 Very very wasteful on the environment
 A compact city like Barcelona swallows a
fraction of Energy

Concept: Super Block

 They took
Nine square
city blocks
 And they
close off the
inside to
through
traffic
 And they close off the inside to through traffic
 So Buses, Big trucks or any vehicles that are
trying to get from one part of the town to the next
have to drive around the perimeter
 And inside
the Super
Block the
speed limit
kept 10km/h
 And On
Street
Parking was
replaced by
Under
Ground
Parking
 With in this nine square block perimeter people
will going to have a pleasant street to walk
around, connect and do things with out the
constant fear of cars around
 Events and games inside the Nine perimeter
blocks
 And there is also a sprawling one like phoenix
in Arizona they built an endless dead
dormitory suburbs connected by wide motor
ways
Mostly this kind of development emerges from
false impression that People want to be far way
from other people
 So instead of living far away to each other
 But in fact it is wonderful to have a balance and
moderating influence of living close to other
people in uplifting surroundings
 And we need tightly packed well ordered cities
with lots of squares and public places in which we
can hangout
 All the most compact cities have squares yet the
art of square has gone into terrible decline
 No one is built a good square any where in this
planet for decades it’s not a rocket science though
 Look the peter saint Maria in tradsdavaria Rome it
is a public place but intimate and close enough to
feel like an extension of your home
 lunging about here having coffee or tea reading a
paper, you get to be around other people that
moderating cheering effect is restoring
 It takes you away from over intense and obsessed
atmosphere of the home
 It takes you away from over intense and obsessed
atmosphere of the home
 There is an art to Good
Square
 A good square is neither too big nor too small

Too Too
 The diameter of a square should not exceed 30
meters
 Anything greater than 30m in diameter starts to
become too large by which we mean the individual
becomes overly small relative to the space around
them creating a sense of alienation and dislocation
 Anything greater than 30m in diameter starts to
become too large by which we mean the individual
becomes overly small relative to the space around
them creating a sense of alienation and dislocation
In good square you should be able to see a face of a
person across the square the ideal square must offer a
feeling of containment not Claustrophobia
 High Density

 High density essentially means a

concentration of people and their activities
 At least 15,000 people per km², that is 150
people/ha
 CONT’D
 Compared with low density, high density has
economic, social and environmental benefits as
follows:
 Efficient land use slows down urban sprawl
because high density neighborhoods can
accommodate more people per area
 Reduced public service costs High density
neighborhoods tend to decrease the costs of
public services such as police and
 CONT’D
 Support for better community service
 Reduced car dependency and parking
demand, and increased support for public
transport
 Provision of social equity
 Support for better public open space
 Increased energy efficiency anddecreased
pollution
 CONT’D
 People may worry about the perceived
connection between density and social
problems, such as
 Crime, Poverty And Depression
 But A well-designed and organized high
density neighbourhood can be safe and
comfortable.
 Therefore a good quality design is essential
to achieve viable high density areas
4. ORIENTATION and
MYSTERY
By definition cities are huge but cities a lot of people
love also have lots of back streets,
And small lanes where you can feel cozy and get a bit
lost
We are drown to the sense of mystery and enclosure
that these streets offer it actually lovely to get a bit
lost
In Colombia: there are back street alley ways that
feel homely and intimate because:
 The balconies are nearly attached across the
street and this creates a sense of belongingness by

 You can see your Nabors having breakfast

 You know when they have got to bed
 What time the children do that homework on a
Sunday evening
 Because of the fact that everyone is a little bit on
display;
 A lot of the time people connect to each other
and tends to make them nicer
 They don’t shout on each other quite so much
 They put flowers on the table more often
 we like this kind of staff but we forget that we do
and we don’t quite know how to ask for it
Colombian back streets and their balconies
 People interacting and connecting with each
other
 People interacting and connecting with each
other
 Modern planners and developers give as
maximum privacy because they suppose that is
all we want

 Because they insist that cars and lorries needs a

lot more space than people they think they are
the most important things in the world
 Of course we need balance between small streets
and big ones necessarily cities are large we love
small streets but they are a night mare when you
have to go any distance so the idea is to have big
boulevards grand wide straight places and also little
warrant of streets

 we need cities that offer us two important pleasures

the pleasure of mystery and the pleasure of
orientation
 Modern planners and developers give as maximum
privacy because they suppose that is we all want
 Because they insist that cars and lorries needs a lot
more space than people they think they are the
most important things in the world
 Because they insist that cars and lorries needs a lot
more space than people they think they are the
most important things in the world
 Of course we need balance between small streets
and big ones
 Necessarily cities are large we love small streets but
they are a night mare when you have to go any
distance
 So the idea is to have big boulevards grand wide
straight places and also little warrant of streets
 We need cities that offer us two important
pleasures; the pleasure of Mystery and the pleasure
of orientation

MYST
 We need cities that offer us two important
pleasures; the pleasure of mystery and the pleasure
of Orientation

ORIENTA
TOIN
5. SCALE
 The suggested ideal height for any city block is five
story high no more

Above that people start to feel small, insignificant so

tap down those towers and pack everything in to five
stories make it dense, compact and tight
Like they do in some part of Berlin, Amsterdam,
Paris and London the beats we love

 Of course occasionally it can be huge building but

lets keep it for really special; something all of
humanity can love towers

have to be worthy of their prominence they must be

aligned with our best ambitions and long term needs
 Ideal height for any city
block should be Five
Story high
 So any thing
more than Five
Story gets people
to feel small and
insignificant
 So tap down
those towers
 Make it Dense, Compact and Tight like
they do in some part of Berlin, Amsterdam,
Paris and London that people Love
 Of course occasionally it can
be huge building but lets
keep it for really special
something all of humanity
can love
 Towers have to be
worthy of their
prominence they must
be aligned with our best
ambitions and long term
needs
6. MAKE IT LOCAL
 Something should be the same everywhere For
example we don’t expect that to be a uniquely
Ethiopian Telephone or a distinctively Icelandic
Bicycle

But we don’t want buildings to look the same

everywhere
it is hugely disappointing when you fly somewhere
for hours, land and feel you could be anywhere
 Because of climate, history and social tradition each
society really does have difference needs, strength and
weakness

So the law should be don’t let your city to have

buildings that could be anywhere else
Cities need to have strong characters connected to
the use of distinctive local materials and forms

Find a style of Architecture that reflects what

 Don’t let your city to
have buildings that
could be anywhere
else
 Find a style of
Architecture
that reflects
what makes
your city
specific
Cities Need To Have
Strong
Characters
 In Scotland they have local material called a pale
sand stone which is as Durable and Cheap
 Cambridge = they make brick out of yellowish,
Gold Clay which is a major traditional(local)
material with durability and cheapness
 Mexico = building out of roamed earth
Ethiopia
 Ethiopia is a country which is highly dependant on
import.
 Statistics show that One fifth of goods exported
but five times more goods, machineries and
services are imported to Ethiopia.
 Today we know that almost 80% of this import of
goods in Ethiopia are meant for the construction
sector.
Ethiopia
 The goods which are imported mostly right now in
Ethiopia are
 Glass
 Cement
 Steel
 And building machineries
 Why we need all of this materials in Ethiopia is
because we are constructing buildings which
demand
Built with
 Concre
te
 Steel
 Glass

Which
Ethiopia
doesn’t have
 Depending on this kind of materials creates the
following problems
1. Energy consumption in Ethiopia is on the rise
because those structures have to be cooled down
by technical means
 For example Addis Ababa is 2400 – 2500m
above sea level and there is a high radiation
coming from the sun down to those glass
facades
 And the buildings are heating up and they
need a technical cooling system to cool them
2 . The effect of Urban Heat Iceland(UHI)
 Concrete, Steel, Glass and Asphalt have a
tendency to absorb sun light and create a
warmer urban environment which affects the
comfort of the people which are living in them
3. Deforestation
 The use of Eucalyptus trees applied as a
scaffolding material and support during the
production of the precast concrete beam
Projects in Ethiopia regarding sustainable local
materials

 SUDU (Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit)

 Coble Stone Pavement
 Bamboo Projects
 Shipping Container Projects
SUDU (Sustainable Urban Dwelling Unit)
 In summer month of 2010, Ethiopian Institute of
Architecture, Building construction and City
Development(EIABC) together with Federal
Institute of Technology in Switzerland started to
build on its campus (EIABC) a double story
(SUDU)

 The dwelling was designed based on the current

urban condition and needs in Ethiopia to rethink
 SUDU used “Rammed Earth” for construction
based on the fact that:
 Ethiopia has a rich Soil which contain high
level of Clay (Fine Grained Impermeable
Earth) particles which can be easily accessed
during excavation to build a new structures
 First a 60cm
wide formwork
was prepared

 loam soil was

loaded into the
form

 and densified
with small
metal ramrods
 They also
educated people
how to make a
loam block and
use it for
construction
 And this walls are
as Durable and as
Strong as any
Concrete wall

 And the material is

Sustainable in
nature
• The material and
the workers are
The Final
Output
Coble Stone
 Instead of asphalt Coble
Stone was chosen for the
following reasons
 It’s durable if it is constructed
properly
 It is sustainable because the
material is accessed locally so
no oil will be imported and
this saves money and energy
Bamboo
Projects

Bamboo is a
natural
material
which can
be used for
constructio
This is the design
of
National
Ethiopian
Pavilion for the
city of
Hawasa with the
diameter of
Material = local
Bamboo
Labor= local with a
little guidance
from
professional
Shipping Container
Project

 A lot of goods comes

through shipping
containers from
abroad and a few
going out and that
mean a lot of them
left in Ethiopia
 Advantages

 The structure is safe

 It defines a good
space
 It is already available
 There are a local
labors available
 Advantages

 They collected six

containers
 And they putted
them together to
create a beautiful
space in between
 Advantages

 They collected six

containers
 And they putted
them together to
create a beautiful
space in between
 Advantages

 They collected six

containers
 And they putted
them together to
create a beautiful
space in between
 Advantages

 They collected six

containers
 And they putted
them together to
create a beautiful
space in between
 So if Ethiopia works more on these local
materials it will minimize the level of
importing for construction and saves a lot
of money and resources
 And Ethiopia can also export this materials
abroad which is exporting
 Application of the above Principles
1. For Fast growing cities:
 The Six principles can be applied to help cities
that have to provide land, infrastructure and
public services for a fast-growing population
resulting from: natural growth; rural
immigrants seeking employment; or even
internally displaced people fleeing conflict or
disaster
2. New urban settlements and urban extensions
 The Six principles can be applied in new
urban areas to avoid repeating past mistakes

3. Urban renewal and renaissance

 Declining cities can apply the Six principles
for revitalization and urban transformation
initiatives
 Application of the Five Principles

4. Urban densification
 Growing cities that have no land for further
extension can use the Six principles to
achieve a smoother densification process.
Six Principles To Create Beautiful
City

1.Not Too Chaotic, Not Ordered

2.Visible Life
3.Compact
4.Orientation and Mystery
5.Scale
Thank
YOU!
Test (15%)
1) List down five purposes of mixed land-use
development (5%)

2)Discuss about the Concept of Barcelona’s

Compact City (5%)

3) List and discuss the function of rings of

Concentric Zone Model (5%)