Physical Properties of Proteins
Physical Properties of Proteins
Physical Properties of Proteins
• Salting out
- when a neutral salt such as ammonium sulfate
or sodium sulfate is added to protein solution
the protein shell is removed and protein is
pptd.
- higher the molecular weight of protein, salt
required for precipitation is lesser
• Isoelectric precipitation
• Precipitation by organic solvents
• Precipitation by heavy metals
• Precipitation by alkaloidal reagents
Urea Cycle
Dr.Divya dharshini
Dept of biochemistry
Urea cycle
Urea biosynthesis occurs in four stages:
(1) Transamination
(2) Oxidative deamination of glutamate
(3) Ammonia transport
(4) Reactions of the urea cycle.
Oxidative
deamination
Urea cycle
Transamination
• Transamination: Transfer of amino group to α-
ketoglutarate. There are several
aminotransferases specific to different amino
acids.
Oxidative deamination
1
ENERGETICS
4. Arginosuccinicaciduria Arginosuccinase
5. Hyperargininemia Arginase
Deficiencies of urea cycle
enzymes
•Hereditary deficiency of any of the Urea Cycle
enzymes leads to hyperammonemia - elevated
[ammonia] in blood.
•Elevated ammonia is toxic, especially to the brain.
•The clinical symptoms: Vomiting, lethargy,
irritability, ataxia, and metal retardation.
•If not treated immediately after birth, severe
mental retardation results.
•Total lack of any Urea Cycle enzyme is lethal.
Ammonia toxicity
Ammonia encephalopathy
• The most common urea cycle disorder, resulting in a mutated and ineffective
form of the enzyme.
• X-linked recessive disorder caused by a number of different mutations in the
OTC gene – males are generally more seriously affected than females (males
are asymptomatic as heterozygotes).
• Complications with OTC may include mental retardation and developmental
delay.
Argininosuccinate synthase deficiency – citrullinemia (citrullinuria)
• MW 113 D
NH NH P
HN= C HN= C
N CH2 COO - N CH2 COO -
CH3 CH3
Creatine Creatine Phosphate
NH
HN= C
N CH2 COO -
CH3 Creatine
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CREATININE
NH
HN= C
N CH2 COO -
CH3 Creatine
ATP
MUSCLE
& BRAIN
Non enzymatic ADP
H O NH P
N C= Non enzymatic HN= C
HN = C
N CH2 Pi + H2O N CH2 COO -
Creatinine MUSCLE & BRAIN CH3 Creatine PO4
CH3
Degradation of Creatine
ATP ADP
Creatine Creatine Phosphate
CH3 Pi + H2O
H2O
Creatinine
Creatinine in kidney
• Creatinine is completely filtered by the glomerulus.