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    Pin Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Debdatta Praharaj
    The document discusses pin assignment which involves assigning all net terminals (I/O pins) to unique pin locations on blocks with the goals of maximizing routability and minimizing electrical parasitics. It describes early pin assignment techniques using concentric circles and later topological pin assignment that takes into account block positions and multi-pin nets. The document also covers power and ground routing, including determining pad locations, using dedicated metal layers, employing planar or mesh approaches, and constructing the distribution network.

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    Pin Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Debdatta Praharaj
    299 views39 pages
    The document discusses pin assignment which involves assigning all net terminals (I/O pins) to unique pin locations on blocks with the goals of maximizing routability and minimizing electrical parasitics. It describes early pin assignment techniques using concentric circles and later topological pin assignment that takes into account block positions and multi-pin nets. The document also covers power and ground routing, including determining pad locations, using dedicated metal layers, employing planar or mesh approaches, and constructing the distribution network.

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    The document discusses pin assignment which involves assigning all net terminals (I/O pins) to unique pin locations on blocks with the goals of maximizing routability and minimizing electrical parasitics. It describes early pin assignment techniques using concentric circles and later topological pin assignment that takes into account block positions and multi-pin nets. The document also covers power and ground routing, including determining pad locations, using dedicated metal layers, employing planar or mesh approaches, and constructing the distribution network.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    299 views39 pages

    Pin Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Debdatta Praharaj
    The document discusses pin assignment which involves assigning all net terminals (I/O pins) to unique pin locations on blocks with the goals of maximizing routability and minimizing electrical parasitics. It describes early pin assignment techniques using concentric circles and later topological pin assignment that takes into account block positions and multi-pin nets. The document also covers power and ground routing, including determining pad locations, using dedicated metal layers, employing planar or mesh approaches, and constructing the distribution network.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Pin Assignment

    Pin Assignment
     During floorplanning, the terminal locations of nets connecting these blocks are very
    important.
     I/O pins (net terminals) and their locations are usually on the periphery of a block to
    reduce interconnect length.
     best locations depend on the relative placement of the blocks.

    Problem formulation.
     During pin assignment, all nets (signals) are assigned to unique pin locations
     Optimization goals - maximizing routability and minimizing electrical parasitics
    Pin Assignment
    Pin assignment using concentric circles
    Pin assignment using concentric circles
    Pin assignment using concentric circles
    Topological pin assignment
    Improvement of concentric-circle pin assignment algorithm by taking into account external
    block positions and multi-pin nets (connected to more than two pins). Specifically, this
    enabled pin assignment when external pins are behind other blocks or obstacles.
    Topological pin assignment
    Power and Ground Routing
    Power and Ground Routing

    • Chip planning determines not only the layout of the power-


    ground distribution network, but also the placement of supply I/O
    pads (with wire-bond packaging) or bumps (with flip-chip
    packaging).

    • The pads or bumps are preferentially located in or near high-


    activity regions of the chip to minimize the V = IR voltage drop

    • Power and Ground laid our on the metal layer


    Power and Ground Routing

    (1) early simulation of major power dissipation components,

    (2) early quantification of chip power,

    (3) analyses of total chip power and maximum power density,

    (4) analyses of total chip power fluctuations,

    (5) analyses of inherent and added fluctuations due to clock gating, and

    (6) early power distribution analysis: average, maximum and multi-cycle fluctuations.
    Power and Ground Routing
    • To construct an appropriate supply network, many aspects of the design and the
    process technology must be considered.

    For example, to estimate chip power, the designer must plan for

    (1) use of low-Vth devices and dynamic circuits that consume more power

    (2) use of clock gating for low power

    (3) quantity and placement of added decoupling capacitors that mitigate switching
    noise.
    Design of a Power-Ground Distribution Network
    As each cell must have both VDD and GND connections, the supply nets
    (1) are large,
    (2) span across the entire chip, and
    (3) are routed first before any signal routing.

    Routing of supply nets.


    • should have dedicated metal layers to avoid consuming signal routing resources.
    • supply nets prefer thick metal layers –low resistance.
    • Traverses multiple layers, - sufficient vias - avoiding electromigration and reliability
    issues.

     the net segment width must be chosen to keep the voltage drop, V = IR, within a specified
    tolerance, e.g., 5% of VDD.
     Wider segments have lower resistance, and hence lower voltage drop
    Two design approaches
    • the planar approach, which is used primarily in analog or custom blocks,
    • the mesh approach, which is predominant in digital ICs
    Planar Routing
    Power supply nets can be laid out using planar routing when

    (1) only two supply nets are present in the design, and

    (2) a cell needs a connection to both supply nets.

    Planar routing separates the two supply regions by a Hamiltonian path that connects all the cells
    Planar Routing
    Step 1: Planarize the topology of the nets
    Step 2: Layer assignment
    Step 3: Determining the widths of the net segments
    Mesh Routing
    Step 1: creating a ring

    Step 2: connecting I/O pads to the ring

    Step 3: creating a mesh

    Step 4: creating Metal1 rails

    Step 5: connecting the Metal1 rails to the mesh


    Construction of a mesh power-ground distribution network.
    References
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9McvH_RPGME
    Placement
    Solution

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