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    AP Stats 1.3 Experimental Design Part 1

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    Irgy Limarch
    1) Well-designed experiments should control for confounding variables, use randomization and replication. 2) Control involves using a placebo or blinding subjects so they don't know their treatment. 3) Randomization assigns subjects randomly to treatment groups to reduce bias. 4) Replication with a large sample is needed to validate results and account for individual differences. Experimental findings should be tested more than once with many subjects.

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    AP Stats 1.3 Experimental Design Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Irgy Limarch
    44 views17 pages
    1) Well-designed experiments should control for confounding variables, use randomization and replication. 2) Control involves using a placebo or blinding subjects so they don't know their treatment. 3) Randomization assigns subjects randomly to treatment groups to reduce bias. 4) Replication with a large sample is needed to validate results and account for individual differences. Experimental findings should be tested more than once with many subjects.

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    AP-Stats-1.3-Experimental-Design-Part-1

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    1) Well-designed experiments should control for confounding variables, use randomization and replication. 2) Control involves using a placebo or blinding subjects so they don't know their treatment. 3) Randomization assigns subjects randomly to treatment groups to reduce bias. 4) Replication with a large sample is needed to validate results and account for individual differences. Experimental findings should be tested more than once with many subjects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    44 views17 pages

    AP Stats 1.3 Experimental Design Part 1

    Uploaded by

    Irgy Limarch
    1) Well-designed experiments should control for confounding variables, use randomization and replication. 2) Control involves using a placebo or blinding subjects so they don't know their treatment. 3) Randomization assigns subjects randomly to treatment groups to reduce bias. 4) Replication with a large sample is needed to validate results and account for individual differences. Experimental findings should be tested more than once with many subjects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    B/W 8/19

    Identify the level of measurement of the data listed on the horizontal axis in
    the graphs:

    1)
    B/W cont’d
    Identify the level of measurement of the data listed on the horizontal axis
    in the graphs:

    2)
    B/W KEY 8/19

    1: Ordinal Ratio

    2: Nominal Ratio
    Section1.3 – Experimental Design
    Part 1 – Data Collection & Experimental Design

    SWBAT: Evaluate studies to determine methods of data collection used and


    Analyze Experimental Designs.
    Data Collection
    The goal of every statistical study is to collect data and then to make decisions.
    Decisions are only as good as the process used to obtain the data.
     
    Flawed process = questionable resulting decision

    Guidelines for designing a statistical study:


    1. Identify the variable (s) of interest (the focus) and the population of the study
    2. Develop a detailed plan for collecting data. If you use a sample, it must be
    representative of the population.
    3. Collect the data.
    4. Describe the data, using descriptive statistic techniques (graphs, tables, charts,
    etc.)
    5. Interpret the data and make decisions about the population using inferential
    statistics.
    6. Identify an possible errors.
    Data Collection, cont’d
    Several ways to collect data:
    1. Observational Study
    • Researcher observes and measures characteristics of interest of part of a
    population

    EXs: -Psychologists document the level of aggressive behavior of a


    sample of 5th graders

    -Eating habits of newborn elephants in captivity

    -Jelly beans in a 12 oz bag


    Data Collection, cont’d
    Several ways to collect data:
    2. Perform an Experiment
    • Treatment is applied to part of a population and responses are then
    observed.

    • Each experiment unit is called a block.

    • Care must be taken to ensure that blocks are similar.

    EX: Diabetics took cinnamon extract while a control group took none.
    After 40 days, the diabetics who took cinnamon extract reduced
    their risk of heart disease, while the control group had no change.
    Data Collection, cont’d
    Several ways to collect data:
    3. Use a Simulation
    • Use of mathematical or physical model to reproduce the conditions of a
    situation or a process.

    • Collecting data involves use of computers.

    • Allows researcher to study situations that are impractical or dangerous

    EXs: -Crash dummies!


    Data Collection, cont’d
    Several ways to collect data:
    4. Use a Survey
    • An investigation of one or more characteristics of a population.
    • Most often, surveys carried out by people asking questions
    • Often done by mail, interview, telephone.
    • Important to word the questions so that they do not lead to
    biased results (will talk more about bias in next couple days)
    • Each experiment unit is called a block.
    • Care must be taken to ensure that blocks are similar.
    NOTE: Census – count or measure of entire population
    Sampling – count or measure of part of a population
    Data Collection – Let’s Apply what we know
    Consider the following statistics:
    a. Identify the focus of the study.
    b. Identify the population of the study
    c. Choose an appropriate method of data collection
    1. A study of the effect of exercise on senior citizens.
    a. Focus: effect of exercise on senior citizens
    b. Population: all senior citizens
    c. Data collection method: perform an experiment

    2. A study of the effect of radiation fallout on senior citizens in Japan.


    d. Focus: effect of radiation fallout on senior citizens in Japan
    e. Population: all senior citizens in Japan
    f. Data collection method: sampling (part of a survey)
    You Try….
    Consider the following statistics:
    a. Identify the focus of the study.
    b. Identify the population of the study
    c. Choose an appropriate method of data collection
    1. A study of the effect of exercise on relieving depression.
    a. Focus: effect of exercise on relieving depression
    b. Population: all people with depression
    c. Data collection method: perform an experiment

    2. A study of the success of graduates of a large university finding a job within


    one year of graduation.
    d. Focus: Success rates of graduates of a large university finding
    a job within one year of graduation
    e. Population: all graduates of a large university
    f. Data collection method: survey
    Experimental Design
    In order to produce meaningful unbiased results, experiments should be carefully designed and executed.
     
    Three key elements of a well-designed experiment are:
    1)Control
    2)Randomization
    3)Replication
    CONTROL:
    • Confounding Variable – occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the
    difference between the effects of different factors on a variable
    Ex: Coffee Shop Remodel & Grand Opening for Mall
    • Placebo Effect – occurs when a subject reacts favorably to a placebo when in
    fact he/she has been given no medicated treatment at all
    Blinding: subject does not know whether he/she is receiving a
    treatment or placebo.
    Double-blind: neither the subject nor the experimenter knows
    (prefered)
    Experimental Design, cont’d
    Randomization: process of randomly assigning subjects to
    different treatment groups
    • Completely randomized design– subjects are assigned to diff. treatment group
    through random selection.
    • Randomized block design– dividing subjects with similar characteristics into
    blocks, then randomly assigning within blocks. (commonly used)
    Ex: Testing a new weight loss drink

    • Matched-pairs design – subjects paired by similarity (age, geographical


    location, etc.) and then randomly select one to receive treatment
    Experimental Design, cont’d
    Replication: the repetition of an experiment using a large
    group of subjects.
    Ex: Testing a vaccine against the flu. 10,000 people are given the
    vaccine and another 10,000 people the placebo.
    -Given the large sample, the effectiveness of the vaccine would most
    likely be observed
    BUT…
    -Subjects would need to be grouped by similar characteristic or results
    of less value
    You Try…. EXIT TICKET
    A company wants to test the effectiveness of a new gum developed to help people quit
    smoking. Identify a potential problem with the given experimental design and suggest a
    way to improve it.
    1. The company identifies ten adults who are heavy smokers. Five of the subjects are given the new
    gum and the other five are given a placebo. After two months, the subjects are evaluated and it is
    found that the five subjects using the new gum have quit smoking

    2. The company identifies one thousand adults who are heavy smokers. The subjects are
    divided into blocks according to gender. Females are given the new gum and males are given
    the placebo. After to two months, the female group has a significant number of subjects who
    have quit smoking.
    You Try…. EXIT TICKET KEY
    A company wants to test the effectiveness of a new gum developed to help people quit
    smoking. Identify a potential problem with the given experimental design and suggest a
    way to improve it.
    1. The company identifies ten adults who are heavy smokers. Five of the subjects are given the new
    gum and the other five are given a placebo. After two months, the subjects are evaluated and it is
    found that the five subjects using the new gum have quit smoking

    A: The sample size being used is not large enough to validate the results of the
    experiment. The experiment must be replicated to improve the validity.
    2. The company identifies one thousand adults who are heavy smokers. The subjects are
    divided into blocks according to gender. Females are given the new gum and males are given
    the placebo. After to two months, the female group has a significant number of subjects who
    have quit smoking.

    A: The groups are not similar. The new gum may have a greater effect on women than
    men, or vice versa. The subjects can be divided into blocks according to gender,
    but then within each block they must be randomly assigned to be in the treatment
    group or in the control group.
    Homework
    • P25 1-15 all

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