ROLE OF NANO MATERIALS IN BATTERY

THERMAL MANAGEMENT

PREPARED BY:

M. ARULPRAKASAJOTHI

K . P. SUDHEER

S .VIJAY DHARAN

B.VENKATESWARLU
TOPICS:
1. ABSTRACT

2. WHAT IS A BATTERY & NANOMATERIAL

3. NANOMATERIAL APPLICATION

4. NANOMATERIAL INTERNAL & EXTERNAL UTILIZATION

5. FUTURE SCOPE IN NANOMATERIALS

6. CONCLUSION

7. REFERENCES
ABSTRACT

• Currently, 3/4th of the world is dependent on I.C. engines, causing many environmental crises and the extinction
of fuel resources. Due to these constraints, the world is adopting "Electrical Vehicles" as these are eco-friendly.
Nevertheless, the prominent backdrop in Electric vehicles is battery thermal management. This paper deals with
the use of nanomaterials in batteries to improve its performance. Such as silicon replacing graphite can play a
significant role in battery thermal management, reducing the explosion caused in batteries. The material which
has an internal structure (or) external dimension approximately (1—100 nm) is known as nanomaterial. It is
widely used in nanoelectronics, sensors, nanophotonics, solar cells, nanogenerators, so on. This paper also
helps find future research opportunities to improve electric vehicles' battery thermal management using
different nanomaterials

Keywords: Nanomaterials, Electrical Vehicles, Battery Thermal

Management
INTRODUCTION:

• In the modern world, transportation accommodates 25% to 30% of the carbon dioxide; electrifying vehicles has a
significant effect on environmental problems and energy problem. It helps in saving natural resources

• The major problem in electric vehicles is battery thermal management researches are being conducted on
nanomaterials in the battery to overcome the issues mentioned above.

• A nanomaterial is a particle with 10-9 nm, and this value is equivalent to '0'. Figure 1 shows the benefit of
nanomaterial. The nanomaterial derived from bulk material and its properties are increased enormously due to this
conversion.

• To improve the battery performance, we use nanomaterial in the battery in place of carbon and li-ion. The main
advantage of using the nanomaterial in carbon is that the carbon in li-ion holds 350 milliamps hr per gm. However, it
holds 10x more energy that is nearly 3500 milliamps hr per gm for the nanomaterial.

• Finally, from all the above studies, a conclusion has been made that nanomaterials in battery thermal management
have higher efficiency and better application in the "Electrical Vehicle."
Figure 1 - Applications of nanomaterial Figure 2 - Nanomaterial for energy conversion

Figure 3 - Nanomaterial properties

NANOMATERIALS USED FOR BATTERY APPLICATION
• Nanomaterial's battery application has a wide range of effects compared to the currently used battery technology.

• Figure 1 show the application of nanomaterial in different fields.

• Figure 2 shows the role of nanomaterial in the heat transfer and energy conversion area.

• The currently used battery technology hasn't been changed over the last decade; nanotechnology is extensively used to
improve battery performance; Nanomaterial's such as silicon is used to make nanowires that significantly affect battery
performance.

• These nanowires transmit the electrolytes from the anode to the cathode directly without any interference, increasing the
battery power output, and the nanomaterials can store ten times more power when compared to a li-ion battery;
Nanomaterials provides more capacity, higher performance, and faster charging and slower discharging capacity to the
battery.
Figure 4 -Types of batteries Figure 5 - Difficulties for battery application
NANOMATERIALS INTERNAL UTILIZATION (within the battery)

• The nanomaterials are used in place of graphite and carbon in the battery, and these nanomaterials are less in weight and cost-
efficient. Figure 4 shows the types battery. Nanomaterials are used in three different types 1. Bulk 2. Nanoparticles 3.
Nanowires.

i. In bulk nanomaterial, the time taken for the passage of the electrolytes is more.

ii. In nanoparticles, the time consumption for the passage of the electrolytes is less.

iii. Whereas in nanowires, the time consumption is less and increases electronic and ionic conductivity. It also reduces the
possibility of a short circuit.

• These nanomaterials make the electrode sponge-like which helps in absorbing energy more during charging. It also prevents
low-level discharge in the conventional battery, the nanomaterials increase surface area for the electrolyte materials.
Figure 5 shows the difficulties associated with batteries
NANOMATERIAL'S EXTERNAL UTILIZATION
• Many passive heat-controlling technologies focus on phase change materials. They hold a key for many
advances in renewable energy and engineering systems for a sustainable future because of their phenomenal
phase-changing action. Figure 6 shows the various external utilization.

• Nanomaterials have a wide range of methods for coating and enhancing electrode materials' functionality,
shielding them from side reactions in the battery system. Nanomaterials allow engineering every part within a
battery (separator, current collector), adding novel functions to previously unattainable batterie

Figure 6 - Thermal management

Continue…..
• We integrate the Nanomaterial into PCM, which helps us better thermal management because
of their high conductivity and aspect ratio. Engineers are increasingly interested in using
Nano-PCMs for thermal energy storage systems, cooling microelectronic systems, space
heating and cooling in modern buildings, and intelligent textiles for human comfort.

• Nanomaterials having a high surface-to-volume ratio can tune the base PCM's thermal
properties. Different PCMs materials can be used for testing with nanomaterials. Many
experiments are being conducted by using different nanoparticles integrated into PCM.

• Metal radiators rapidly overheat, necessitating a lot of forced convection cooling. Heatsink
carries out this forced convective cooling; heat sinks based on PCM are among the newest
forms of heat sinks to emerge, whose adequate heat capacity increases due to phase transition
latent energy. In our prototype of Heatsink, we have used Paraffin as the PCM, which lags in
its thermal conductivity that can be solved using nanosized particles.
FUTURE RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
• As we have discussed, nanomaterials of different kinds like fluid and solid batteries use PCM
integration in Heatsink. With these different nanomaterial integrations to PCM, we can enhance
the heat transfer in Heatsink, which can significantly increase the performance rate.
• Figure 7 shows the air pollution due to the emission from internal combustion engines. The Indian
automobile sector is responsible for the 80% of the air pollution. There is an urgent need to think
about the zero emission electrical vehicle to control air quality index for clean environment.

Figure 7 Air pollution due to IC engines

Continue….
• Concerning current working and limitations in typical Li-ion batteries, we can work on these batteries'
limitations by using nanomaterial to modify the structure and, thus, apply it to practical usage in "Electric
vehicles."

• Figure 8 shows the charging of electrical vehicle. The research and development in the field of battery and fast
charging will make commercial benefit to the electric vehicle manufacturers.

Figure 8 - Zero emission electric vehicles

CONCLUSION & RE-CAP
•The E.V.'s use the Li-ion batteries, which has a significant drawback, is the sudden increase in the temperature due to
change in the battery's chemical reaction due to external temperature effect. Along with these, the Li-ion battery can store a
minimum amount of energy. Thus, Nanomaterials are required to improve the performance of the battery.

•In this review, it is discussed how nanomaterials increase the battery's performance by using it in intrinsic & extrinsic
use. It is also discussed that the change in the nanomaterial structure can change the overall performance of the battery.

•The Integration of nanomaterial with PCMs was discussed along with battery thermal management, which helps in
effective heat transfer in Heat sinks. From studying different papers and through research, it is also found that nanomaterials
increase electronic & ionic conductivity. They also prevent low-level discharge that usually occurs in conventional batteries.

• In this way, the nanomaterials play a significant role in improving the battery and heat transfer rate performance in Heat
sinks
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