Integumentary System Lecture Outline: Seeley'S Essentials of

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Chapter 5
Integumentary System
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
Integumentary System 2
Figure 5.1
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Integumentary System Functions 1
1. Protection. The skin provides protection against abrasion

and ultraviolet light.
2. Sensation. The integumentary system has sensory
receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and
pain.
3. Vitamin D production. When exposed to ultraviolet
light, the skin produces a molecule that can be
transformed into vitamin D.
Integumentary System Functions 2
4. Temperature regulation. The amount of blood flow

beneath the skin’s surface and the activity of sweat
glands in the skin both help regulate body temperature.
5. Excretion. Small amounts of waste products are lost
through the skin and in gland secretions.
ANATOMY OF HUMAN SKIN
Epidermis 2
• The stratum corneum, the most
superficial stratum of the
epidermis, consists of dead
squamous cells filled with
keratin.
• Keratin gives the stratum
corneum its structural strength.
• Cells of the deepest strata
perform mitosis.
• As new cells form, they push
older cells to the surface, where
they slough, or flake off.
Stratum basale – cuboidal or
columnar cells, mitosis every 19
days
Stratum spinosum – flat; lamellar
bodies (lipid filled vesicles)
Stratum granulosum – flat ,
diamond shaped; grainy appearance
Stratum lucidum – cells have no
nuclei ; present in certain areas of
body
Stratum corneum – consist of dead
squamous cells filled w/ keratin; cells
are coated w/ lipid that prevents fluid
loss
Epidermis 3
• Skin is classified based on the structure of Epidermis

• Thickness is based on # of epidermal strata present
• Thick Skin - + all 5 strata
- found in areas subject to pressure or friction
(palm, soles, fingertips)
Thin Skin – lacks stratum lucidum; covers rest of the body
Dermis 1
• dense collagenous connective
tissue containing fibroblasts,
adipocytes, and macrophages.
• Nerves, hair follicles, smooth
muscles, glands, and
lymphatic vessels extend into
the dermis.
• Collagen fibers, oriented in
many directions, and elastic
fibers are responsible for the
structural strength of the
dermis and resistance to
stretch.
Dermis 2
• Some collagen fibers are oriented

in more directions than others,
forming cleavage lines.
• Cleavage lines, or tension lines, in
the skin, are more resistant to
stretch.
• An incision made parallel with
these lines tends to gap less and
produce less scar tissue.
• If the skin is overstretched for any
reason, the dermis can be
damaged, leaving stretch marks.
Dermis 3
• Dermal papillae are projections toward the epidermis

found in the upper part of the dermis.
• The dermal papillae contain many blood vessels that
supplies epidermis w/ nutrients, removes waste products,
regulates body temperature
• The dermal papillae in the palms of the hands, the soles of
the feet, and the tips of the digits are arranged in parallel,
curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into
friction ridges -> impressions in fingerprint & footprint
• -increases friction, improve grip of hands and feet
Skin Color 1
• Factors that determine skin color include pigments in the

skin, blood circulating through the skin, and the thickness
of the stratum corneum.
• The two primary pigments are melanin and carotene.
• Melanin is the group of pigments primarily responsible for
skin, hair, and eye color.
• Carotene is a yellow pigment found in plants such as
squash and carrots.
Skin Color 2
• Most melanin molecules are
brown to black pigments, but
some are yellowish or reddish.
• Melanin provides protection
against ultraviolet light from the
sun.
• Melanin is produced by
melanocytes and then packaged
into vesicles called melanosomes,
which move into the cell
processes of melanocytes.
• Epithelial cells phagocytize the
tips of the melanocyte cell
processes, thereby acquiring
melanosomes.
Skin Color 4
• Genetic factors are responsible for the amount of melanin

produced resulting in variation in skin color
• Exposure to ultraviolet light—for example, in sunlight—
stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production.
The result is a suntan.
• Although many genes are responsible for skin color, a
single mutation can prevent the production of melanin
• Albinism
-deficiency or absence of melanin resulting in fair skin,
white hair, and unpigmented irises in the eye
Skin Color 5
• Suntan - results from increased melanin production when
exposed to UV light
• Mask of pregnancy – due to increased melanin
production stimulated by estrogen and melanocyte
stimulating hormone
• Blushing
• Cyanosis
• Carotene is lipid-soluble; when consumed, it accumulates
in the lipids of the stratum corneum and in the adipocytes
of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
• If large amounts of carotene are consumed, the skin can
become quite yellowish.
Subcutaneous Tissue 1
• The subcutaneous tissue,

which is not part of the skin,
is sometimes called
hypodermis.
• The subcutaneous tissue
attaches the skin to
underlying bone and muscle
and supplies it with blood
vessels and nerves.
• It is loose connective tissue,
including adipose tissue that
contains about half the
body’s stored lipids.
Subcutaneous Tissue 2
• The amount and location of adipose tissue vary with age,

sex, and diet.
• Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue functions as
padding and insulation.
• The subcutaneous tissue can be used to estimate total
body fat.
• The acceptable percentage of body fat varies from 21% to
30% for females and from 13% to 25% for males.
Skin Cancer
• Most common cancer
• Mainly caused by UV light exposure
• Fair-skinned people more prone
• Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using sunscreens
• UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas
• UVB rays cause sunburns
• Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays
Types of Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma: MOST FREQUENT TYPE
• cells in stratum basale affected, forms ulcer
• cancer removed by surgery
Squamous cell carcinoma:

• cells above stratum basale affected
• Cells continue to divide as they produce keratin -> nodular
keratinized tumor
Malignant melanoma:
• arises from melanocytes in a mole
• rare type, fatal
• Appear as large flat lesion, pigmented nodule
Accessory Skin Structures
HAIR
In humans, hair is found everywhere
on the skin, except on the palms,
soles, lips, nipples, parts of the
genitalia, and the distal segments of
the fingers and toes.
• Each hair arises from a hair follicle, an
invagination of the epidermis that
extends deep into the dermis.
hair shaft protrudes above the surface of
the skin; the root is below the surface
and the hair bulb is the expanded base of
the root.
 Each hair originates from the bottom of a tubular
invagination, or hair follicle, of the germinative
layer of the epidermis into the dermis.
 A cluster of cells called the hair papilla or bulb is
present at the base of the follicle.
 The hair is formed by the division of cells of the
bulb, and they become keratinized when the old
cells are push upwards, away from their source of
nutrition.
Hair 3
• During the growth stage, hair is formed by mitosis of

epithelial cells within the hair bulb; these cells divide and
undergo keratinization.
• During the resting stage, growth stops and the hair is
held in the hair follicle.
• When the next growth stage begins, a new hair is formed
and the old hair falls out.
Hair 5
• Hair color is determined by varying amounts and types of

melanin.
• With age, the amount of melanin in hair can decrease,
causing the hair color to become faded, or the hair can
contain no melanin and be white.
• Each hair follicle is attached to smooth muscle cells called
the arrector pili muscle, which can contract and cause
the hair to become perpendicular to the skin’s surface.
Glands 1
• The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands

and the sweat glands.
• Sebaceous glands are simple, branched acinar glands,
with most being connected by a duct to the superficial part
of a hair follicle.
• They produce sebum, an oily, white substance rich in
lipids.
• The sebum is released by holocrine secretion and
lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin, which
prevents drying and protects against some bacteria.
Glands 2
• There are two kinds of sweat glands: eccrine and

apocrine.
• Eccrine sweat glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands
and release sweat by merocrine secretion.
• Eccrine glands are located in almost every part of the skin
but most numerous in the palms and soles.
• They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few
salts.
Glands 4
• Apocrine sweat glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands

that produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances
released by merocrine secretion and some holocrine
secretion
• The glands open into hair follicles in the armpits and
genitalia.
• Apocrine sweat glands become active at puberty because
of the influence of sex hormones.
• The secretion generally is odorless, but when released
quickly breaks down by bacterial action giving body odor.
Nail
Nail – thin plate of layers of stratum corneum cells containing hard type of
keratin
Nail body – visible part
Nail Root – part covered by skin
Cuticle / Eponychium – stratum corneum extending to the nail body
Nail Matrix and Nail Bed – stratum basale that give rise to cells that form
the nail
Lunula – part of matrix, crescent shaped area at base of nail
Figure 5.8
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Stages of nail growth
• Cell mitosis takes place at the matrix.

• New cells pushed forward by constant cell reproduction.
• Cells undergo hardening/keratinisation.
• Growing nail is guided along nail grooves/side wall.
• Free edge forms at the distal part of finger.
- Cell production in nail matrix causes nail to grow

- Nails grow continuously, no resting stage
Integumentary System Protection 1
The integumentary system performs many protective

functions:
1. Reduction in body water loss
2. Acts as a barrier that prevents microorganisms and other
foreign substances from entering the body
3. Protects underlying structures against abrasion
4. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and protects underlying
structures from its damaging effects
Integumentary System Protection 2
5. Hair protection: The hair on the head acts as a heat

insulator, eyebrows keep sweat out of the eyes,
eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects, and hair
in the nose and ears prevents the entry of dust and other
materials.
6. The nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes from
damage and can be used in defense.
Sensory Receptor
• Many sensory receptors are associated with the skin.

• Receptors in the epidermis and dermis can detect pain,
heat, cold, and pressure.
• Although hair does not have a nerve supply, sensory
receptors around the hair follicle can detect the movement
of a hair.
Vitamin D Production
1. UV light causes the skin to produce a precursor molecule

of vitamin D.
2. The precursor molecule is carried by the blood to the liver
where it is enzymatically converted.
3. The enzymatically converted molecule is carried by the
blood to the kidneys where it is converted again to the
active form of vitamin D.
4. Vitamin D stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium
and phosphate for many body functions.
Vitamin D production
If exposed to UV light – Vit
D is produced, carried by
blood to liver and kidneys
Dietary Sources: fatty fish

and fish oils, milk fortified
Adequate levels of Vitamin

D stimulates the small
intestine to absorb calcium
and phosphate for normal
bone growth and normal
muscle function
Temperature Regulation 1
• Regulation of body temperature is important because the

rate of chemical reactions within the body can be
increased or decreased by changes in body temperature.
• Even slight changes in temperature can make enzymes
operate less efficiently and disrupt the normal rates of
chemical changes in the body.
• Exercise, fever, and an increase in environmental
temperature tend to raise body temperature.
• In order to maintain homeostasis, the body must rid itself

of excess heat.
• Blood vessels in the dermis dilate and enable more blood
to flow within the skin, thus causing heat to dissipate from
the body.
• Sweat also assists in loss of heat through evaporative
cooling.
• If body temperature begins to drop below normal, heat can

be conserved by the constriction of dermal blood vessels,
which reduces blood flow to the skin.
• Less heat is transferred from deeper structures to the skin,
and heat loss is reduced.
• With smaller amounts of warm blood flowing through the
skin, the skin temperature decreases.
Excretion
• The integumentary system plays a minor role in excretion,

the removal of waste products from the body.
• In addition to water and salts, sweat contains small
amounts of waste products, such as urea, uric acid, and
ammonia.
• Even though the body can lose large amounts of sweat,
the sweat glands do not play a significant role in the
excretion of waste products.
Diagnostic Aid
• The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because
it is observed easily.
• Cyanosis- bluish color indication of impaired circulatory or
respiratory function.
• A yellowish skin color, called jaundice, can occur when
the liver is damaged by a disease, such as viral hepatitis.
• Scarlet Fever – reddish rash on skin from toxins released
by bacteria in blood
• Vitamin A deficiency – sandpaper texture of skin due to
excess keratin production
• Iron Deficiency Anemia – nails are flat/ concave spoon
shaped
Burns 1
• A burn is injury to a tissue
caused by heat, cold,
friction, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation.
• Burns are classified
according to their depth.
• Partial-thickness burns are
classified as first-degree
and second-degree.
• A full-thickness burn is a
third-degree burn.
First-Degree Burn
• A first-degree (superficial) burn involves only the

epidermis and is red and painful.
• Slight edema, or swelling, may be present.
• They can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very
hot or very cold objects, and they heal without scarring in
about a week.
Second-Degree Burn
• Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns damage both the

epidermis and the dermis.
• If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms include redness,
pain, edema, and blisters.
• Healing takes about 2 weeks, and no scarring results.
• If the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound appears
red, tan, or white; can take several months to heal and
might scar.
Third-Degree Burn
• Third-degree (full-thickness) burns damage the complete

epidermis and dermis.
• The region of third-degree burn is usually painless
because sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis
have been destroyed.
• Third-degree burns appear white, tan, brown, black, or
deep cherry red.
Fourth Degree Burns
- Afffects deeper tissues, damage bone, muscle
- Painless due to destruction of pain receptors
- Requires amputation
Burn Healing
• In all second-degree burns, the epidermis, including the

stratum basale where the stem cells are found, is
damaged.
• The epidermis regenerates from epithelial tissue in hair
follicles and sweat glands, as well as from the edges of the
wound.
• Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns take a long
time to heal, and they form scar tissue with disfiguring and
debilitating wound contractures.
Treatment of Burns
• To prevent complications of deep partial-thickness and full-

thickness burns and to speed healing, skin grafts are often
performed.
• In a procedure called a split skin graft, the epidermis and
part of the dermis are removed from another part of the
body and placed over the burn
• When it is not possible or practical to move skin from one
part of the body to a burn site, physicians sometimes use
artificial skin or grafts from human cadavers.
Aging and the Integument
• Epidermis thins out, decreased collagen in dermis – skin is

easily damaged, prone to infection, slow skin repair
• Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat glands make
temperature regulation more difficult
• Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and wrinkle
• Skin is drier due to decreased activity of sebaceous glands
• Age spots due to increased number of melanocytes
• Gray , white hair dur to dec or lack of melanin
End of Main Content
Because learning changes everything. ®
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Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.

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Because learning changes everything.

1. Protection. The skin provides protection against abrasion

4. Temperature regulation. The amount of blood flow

• Skin is classified based on the structure of Epidermis

• Some collagen fibers are oriented

• Dermal papillae are projections toward the epidermis

• Factors that determine skin color include pigments in the

• Genetic factors are responsible for the amount of melanin

• The subcutaneous tissue,

• The amount and location of adipose tissue vary with age,

Squamous cell carcinoma:

• During the growth stage, hair is formed by mitosis of

• Hair color is determined by varying amounts and types of

• The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands

• There are two kinds of sweat glands: eccrine and

• Apocrine sweat glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands

• Cell mitosis takes place at the matrix.

- Cell production in nail matrix causes nail to grow

The integumentary system performs many protective

5. Hair protection: The hair on the head acts as a heat

• Many sensory receptors are associated with the skin.

1. UV light causes the skin to produce a precursor molecule

Dietary Sources: fatty fish

Adequate levels of Vitamin

• Regulation of body temperature is important because the

• In order to maintain homeostasis, the body must rid itself

• If body temperature begins to drop below normal, heat can

• The integumentary system plays a minor role in excretion,

• A first-degree (superficial) burn involves only the

• Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns damage both the

• Third-degree (full-thickness) burns damage the complete

• In all second-degree burns, the epidermis, including the

• To prevent complications of deep partial-thickness and full-

• Epidermis thins out, decreased collagen in dermis – skin is

Because learning changes everything. ®

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