NATURE AND CONCEPTS: WHY,

WHAT AND IMPACT OF PLANNING

JULIUS S. CUDIAMAT
Ernesto Franco gives an
often-quoted
observation:
Why plan when many
successful Chinese businessmen,
who have no formal education
or training but are very rich, do
no planning at all when they
open up factories or go into
Why PLAN in
multi-million peso trading or put
up shopping malls?
the first place?
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 Planning is accomplished in
their heads, not on paper, nor
computer machines, nor in
planning workshops. Always, no
Chinese businessman does
anything without planning.
Except that it is informal,
unwritten, undocumented,
secretive,
experiential.
judgmental and
Why PLAN in
the first place?
It’s all in the mind
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 No manager or school
administrator or politician in
real life, ever does anything at all
without some kind of planning.
Except in most cases it is never
formal, written or shared with
someone. They plan– always,
but informally. If that is the case,
Franco advises, then why not
proceed in the right way? Do the right
Do it right–– so the right thing!
things can be done the
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Plan and Planning

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 Plan
• Plans are the detailed proposal for doing or
achieving something (Oxford Languages, 2021).

• As elaborated by Aggarwal & Thakur (2003) plans

are the statement of things to be done with
respect to the sequence and timing in which they
should be done in order to achieve a given end.

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 Planning
• Planning is the formal process of making
decisions for the future of individuals and
organizations. It involves dealing on aims and
objectives, selecting to correct strategies and
program to achieve the aims, determining
and allocating the resources required and
ensuring that plans are communicated to all
concerned (Johannsen & Page, 1986)

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 Planning
• It was defined as an important administrative
function. To get things done, administrators
must plan ahead (McFarland, 1964)

• Planning is more of deciding things ahead of

time, it includes deciding in advance what to
do, how to do it, when to do it, who is to do it
and how to measure performance (Hick and
Gullet, 1976)
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Nature of
Planning

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Nature of Planning
1. It is what everyone does
• Consciously or unconsciously, people tend
to plan, be it informal, unwritten,
undocumented, (Franco, 1986) and
planned in mind or well organized in a
planning notebook.

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Nature of Planning
2. Planning Contributes to Objectives
• There is a close connection between
objectives and planning. Planning is based
on the objectives. If there is no link
between planning and objectives, the
former will only be a mental exercise and
of no use. Planning contributes to the
attainment of objectives (Priyakshi, 2021).
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Nature of Planning
3. Planning is an Intellectual Activity
• Planning includes the selection of the best
alternative available and thinking before
selection of the best alternative. It involves
the ability to foresee mishaps in future
which might affect the plan towards
achieving the objective.

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Nature of Planning
4. Planning is a Continuous Process:
• Planning does not come to an end with the
attainment of goals. We need to evaluate
the process on how we attained the
objectives by reflecting on how we could
use it in decision making.

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Nature of Planning
5. Planning is Flexible:
• While planning, any one of the available
alternatives is selected. Planning selects
the best alternative based on certain
assumptions. Planning has one more
alternative to suit future situations and
that makes it flexible.

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 Basic Concepts of Planning
According to Ernesto Franco

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Basic Concepts of Planning (Ernesto Franco)
1. Planning has to do with change
2.Planning is critical to managers
3.Planning is not the end by itself,
reminding planners of the often-quoted
phrase: Paralysis through analysis

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Basic Concepts of Planning (Ernesto Franco)
4. Planning is not simply projections of a
highly optimistic level or just improving
public relations or volumes of paper
5.It makes managers aware of the
environment or the student-market and
the forces for changing education

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Basic Concepts of Planning (Ernesto Franco)
6. Planning clears the ground for
establishing goals and objectives
7.Provides tools and techniques for
alternative choices for examining options.

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Basic Concepts of Planning (Ernesto Franco)

8. Planning arms managers with the tools,

frame of mind, and emotional confidence
to make decisions, to solve problems, to
choose among alternatives and to push for
action

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Basic Concepts of Planning (Ernesto Franco)

9. Planning allows managers to take

action, to plot activities step by step

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Basic Concepts of Planning (Ernesto Franco)
10. Planning also means implementing,
taking action, making things happen.
Traditional style of planning implementation has
emphasis on two E’s- EFFICIENCY and EFFECTIVITY.
He suggests a third E- EFFICACY- the concern for
employee’s morale for spirit for proper motivation.

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Basic Concepts of Planning (Ernesto Franco)

11. Planning helps firm up a person or a

university to say “no!”

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Importance of Planning:
Why Plan in the First Place?
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 Why Plan in the First Place?

• Why should we plan, and what can we gain

from it? Planning is vital to all schools because
it helps build better programs for students.

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 Why Plan in the First Place?
• Decide how and where to set priorities
in the use of limited human and
economic resources.

• Decide how to accomplish not only your

short-range goals, but also your
medium and long-range goals.
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 Why Plan in the First Place?
• Build on the strong and successful parts
of the program, as well as to identify
and improve the weak points.

• Reach agreement in the school

community about what to do and how
to do it.
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Characteristics of a Good Plan
Good Planning Process Is
It is organized thinking that helps in deciding
what needs to be done, how it will happen,
and who will do it.

It is the setting or priorities.

It is trying to anticipate the future.

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Characteristics of a Good Plan
Good Planning Process Is
It is involving those affected by the results of
planning
It is using leadership to motivate people and
to coordinate their activities.
It is adapting and modifying steps or
processes until they work for you.
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Characteristics of a Good Plan
Good Planning Process Is
It is reflecting on what has been planned
already
It includes the periodic recording of planning
decisions for future reference.

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Characteristics of a Good Plan
Good Planning Process is NOT
It is not merely writing a plan or filling out
forms.
It is not using steps or processes that don’t
work.
It is not involving people without considering
their ideas.
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Characteristics of a Good Plan
Good Planning Process is NOT
It is not deciding what to do without figuring
out how it will happen.
It is not letting the program guide and
coordinate itself.

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Large image

KEY ASPECTS OF PLANNING

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Key Aspects of Planning
It is a dynamic process of on-going activities,
not a one-shot or once-for all static function
It is a preparatory step, resulting in findings
and recommendations that will have to be
approved and then implemented in the
proper order

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Key Aspects of Planning
Planning not only solves problems and
facilitates decision-making, it involves sets of
decisions which are linked to each other

It should be action-directed, implementable,

and cast in the practice of management, not
theory or academic bias alone;
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Key Aspects of Planning
It takes note of existing arrangements and
sets directions for the future, but which
directions can only be made if decisions are
made now, and not tomorrow
These directions are articulated in terms of
goals, objectives and targets, over given time
frames; and
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Key Aspects of Planning
These are to be achieved in cost-effective
strategies and tactics directed by efficient
management mobilizing needed funds and
resources, including community participation.

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 Large image

PLANNING IN EDUCATION

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Planning in Education
It basically covers everything that is related to
learning and how we carry out learning. It could be a
plan made by the teacher in delivering his/her lesson
through the lesson plans or the curriculum planners
carefully crafting the competencies to be learned by
the learners by sewing the most appropriate
competencies responsive to the needs of the
society.
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Planning in Education
We also have the Millennium Development Goals
which were the result of planning by the national
leaders and United Nations waiting to be realized in
the succeeding years. These plans were shaping our
educational landscape based on what it truly needs.

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Planning in Education
Millennium Development Goals (UN)

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Planning in Education
Millennium Development Goals (UN)

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Educational Planning
Coombs (1970) and UNESCO described
educational planning as the application of
rational, systematic analysis to the process of
educational development with the aim of
making education more effective and efficient
in responding to the needs and goals of its
students and society.

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Educational Planning
Educational planning deals with the future,
drawing enlightenment from the past. It is the
springboard for future decisions and actions,
but it is more than a mere blueprint.

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Educational Planning
Ernesto Franco suggested that educational
planning is not just an optimistic projections,
improved communications, or a public relations
statement.
The contents of a plan document contain the mechanics or the
plan – such as the statement of policies, criteria for priorities,
objectives, strategy, implementation arrangement, budget and
resources, timetable, etc. They are part and parcel of the plan – but
they do not mean that they are the plan itself.
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Educational Planning
Planning is not an attempt to avoid taking risks
or new interventions.
Ernesto Franco, stresses that planning should be build
on past gains or achievements. It should start new
initiatives and strike for new grounds precisely
because change never ends, is always taking place, and
will even be more complex and rapid in years ahead.

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Impact of Planning
Planning is, or should be, an integral part of the
whole process of educational management,
defined in the broadest sense.
It can help the decision-makers at all levels-from
classroom teachers to national ministers and
parliaments-to make better-informed
decisions.

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Impact of Planning
Planning can help to attain larger and better
aggregate results within the limits of available
resources. To achieve such benefits, however,
planning must use a wide-angle lens through
which a great many interlocking variables can
be put in focus and all of them seen as parts of
a dynamic organic whole-as a system
susceptible of system analysis.
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Impact of Planning
Educational planning allows us to keep these
intricate internal and external relationships of
the educational system in reasonable balance
under dynamically changing circumstances, and
to bend them constantly in the required
direction.

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Types of Planning
1. Strategic planning
2. Operational planning
3. Macro Planning
4. Micro-Planning
5. Decentralized Planning
6. Centralized planning
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Types of Planning
7. Rolling Plan
8. Contingency Planning
9. Corporate Planning
10. Manpower Planning

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References:
Aggarwal, Y.P. & Thakur, R.S. (2003) Guidebook in Educational Planning. National
Institute of Educational Planning and Administration 17-B, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New
Delhi – 110 016 Retrieved from: http://www.dise.in/downloads/reports&studies/concepts
%20and%20terms%20in%20educational%20planning.pdf
Coombs, P.H. (1970), What is Educational Planning? UNESCO Digital Library, Retrieved
from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000076671#:~:text=Educational
%20planning%2C%20in%20its%20broadest,of%20its%20students%20and%20society

Millennium Development Goals (2015) Retrieved from

https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

Singh, R.R (1990) Educational Planning in Asia. UNESCO Digital Library, Retrieved from
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000087067?posInSet=5&queryId=1334fa85-
798f-4f16-aac6-e8c551a4667e

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PROCRASTINATION INTHE
PHILIPPINE CULTURE

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 ThankYou
Julius S. Cudiamat
[email protected]

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