INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS PAINT??
• The paints are coating of fluid material and they are
applied over the surface of timber and metals.

• Paint is a liquid composition after application it is convert

in to a solid film.

• Function of paint is :-
a) to protect the material from weathering, oxidation
process and damages
by insects.
b) to improve the beauty of the material.
c) To facilitate the cleaning process of the surface.

• Major companies of paint are :-

 Asian Paint
 Nerolac
 Berger
 Indigo
 Types of Paint
•  Paints are categorized into seven groups:-

1) Oil paints

2) Synthetic paints

3) Emulsion paints

4) Cellulose paints

5) Varnishes

6) Water paints (distemper)

7) Special paints
OIL PAINTS
•  These are the traditional type having a linseed oil medium.

• They are respectively termed as primes, undercoats and finishing

coats.

• This paint is cheap and easy to apply and it possess good opacity and
low glow.

• It consists of various coats:

1. Priming coat
2. Under coat
3. Finishing coat
1. PRIMING COAT
• Linseed oil, white lead, a small amount of red lead and extender
(a white pigment used to increase bulk, prevent sedimentation
and improve spreading)
• The lead base is particularly suitable for external work.
• Leadless pigments are for internal use. 

2. UNDER COAT 
• Linseed oil, white lead(tinted if required) and has a high quality drying oil. 

3. FINISHING COAT
• Oil varnish, pigments of desired colour and perhaps extenders, and
thinners; finishes vary from flat to oil-gloss.
 Synthetic Paints
• The medium for these is a chemical
compound, one type being an oil modified
alkyd resin.

• They have the advantages over oil paints in

setting more quickly and offering greater
durability where corrosion is a danger.

• They also have a better flow and are easier to

apply.

• Drying is by evaporation of the solvent, by

oxidation and chemical change.

• It is applied on the surfaces which may not be

completely dry, e.g. Fresh concrete.
 Emulsion Paints
• An emulsion paint has the pigments and the medium
dispersed as small globules in water.
• Oil , synthetic resin and bitumen are common medium.
• The different emulsion paints are alkyd, bitumen,
polyvinyl acetate and styrene emulsions.
• They are used mainly on walls surfaces.
• Alkyd emulsion paints contain pigments, oil, and
synthetic resins, they give a flat finish.
• Bitumen emulsions are those of bitumen in water plus
pigments and extenders.
• They are for use on asphalt and bituminous surfaces.
• Polyvinyl acetate(p.v.a.)emulsion paints have a p.v.a.
medium and give a finish from flat to egg shell gloss.
• Styrene emulsions incorporate the synthetic resin styrene
in several forms and have a medium gloss.
 Cement Paints
• This is the group of paint in which cement
is the main constituent besides a
colouring pigment in the powdered form.
These pigments also contain varying
proportion of hydrated lime, hygroscopic
salts and water repellent additives like
aluminium stearates.
• Cement paints are cheap, durable and can
be made highly decorative by using
selected pigments.
• Cement paints can be given on both
external & internal portion of the
buildings.
• It is used for painting exterior wall
surface mainly for preventing water
penetration and reductions of dirt
collection.
•  It is suitable for coating concrete as well
as decorating indoor and outdoor walls.
• They are also available in different color
shades.
 Varnishes
• Varnishes are used to give a transparent film
to a surface.
• These are of two kinds- Oil varnish & Spirit
varnish.

OIL VARNISH: 

• They contain linseed oil or other drying oils,

dryers, synthetic or natural resins and solvents
such as white spirit or turpentine.
• They dry by evaporation of the solvent and
oxidation of the oil.
• The relative proportions of the oil and the resins
control the usage, if the oil is predominant a more
elastic varnish reserved for external work.
• If the solvent is the major ingredient a high gloss,
which dries out rapidly, is obtained for internal
work.
• Copal varnish is a good quality type.
SPIRIT VARNISH: 

• Spirit varnish is a solutions of shellac and

spirit resins dissolved in commercial
alcohol(methylated spirits).
• The are only suitable for internals
surfaces like furniture(e.g. in French
polishing).
• Polyurethane varnish is a type of resin
varnish producing a very durable finish.
 Water Paints (Distemper)

• They are used mainly on internal walls and

ceilings and most of them give a flat finish.
• There are several kinds are prepared on the site by
adding water to make a paste.
• They have a drying oil or varnish medium
emulsified in water containing glue or other
fixatives.
• Barytes is a common pigment along with tinting
pigment.
• The cheapest type known as soft or ceiling
distemper, contains only a glue size vehicle and
tinted powdered chalk.
• It can be removed by washing or brushing and so
is only used for ceilings.
• Oil bound distemper is a better quality having a
mixture of linseed oil, pigment and extenders.
• It will withstand limited careful washing.
 Special Paints
• There are many types of special paints :-

ALUMINIUM PAINTS:
• These are often used as a primer on resinous woods like
Columbian and Oregon pine because they have a good
sealing effect. 2.
• They contain aluminium powder in a quick drying
medium.

ANTI-CONDENSATION PAINTS: 
• These containing cork filler and whilst.
• They are not a substitute for adequate ventilation( the
best safeguard against condensation).
• They afford some relief by reducing the transfer of heat.

BITUMINOUS PAINTS :
• The vehicle for these are mostly bitumen.
• They provide a cheap method of protecting steel where
appearance is secondary.
 Special Paints
CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINTS:
• This contains chlorinated rubber combined with
pigments and special thinner.
• The paints offer good resistance to acids and alkalis
and can be used where fumes from these chemicals
arise.
• They are suitable for internal use on brickwork,
concrete and steelwork.

FIRE-RESISTANT PAINTS:
• These are used to increase the resistance to fire of wood
and certain building boards.
• There are several proprietary types incorporating
ammonium phosphate.

FUNGICIDAL PAINTS:
• These include special ingredients which render them
resistance to mildew and other fungoid attack, useful in
humid surroundings.
 Special Paints

HEAT-RESISTING PAINTS:
• They incorporate special varnishes and
pigment which do not discolor on heating.

TEXTURE PAINTS: 
• These contain different powders and
pigments with glue.
• They used in a stiff consistency to make
textured surface on which patterns can be
formed by brush or special implements.

WOOD STAINS:
• It consists of various shades in oil, spirit
or water medium.
 COMPOSITION OF PAINTS

1. PIGMENT ( 25% )
2. BINDER ( 30% )
3. SOLVENT ( 40% )
4. ADDITIVES ( 5% )
 COMPOSITION OF PAINTS
PIGMENT
 Pigments are granular solids incorporated
in the paint to contribute color. Fillers are
granular solids incorporate to impart
toughness, texture, give the paint special
properties,[13] or to reduce the cost of the
paint. Alternatively, some paints contain
dyes instead of or in combination with
pigments.
BINDER
 The binder is the film-forming component of
paint. In a paint mixture, the binder is
responsible for providing adhesion, binding the
pigment, and also gives the paint resistance
properties which make the final coating tough
and durable. The binder itself is clear and glossy,
but the presence of pigment interferes with this
quality
 COMPOSITION OF PAINTS
SOLVENT
 The main purpose of the Solvent is to adjust
the viscosity of the paint. It is volatile and
does not become part of the paint film. It can
also control flow and application properties,
and affect the stability of the paint while in
liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier
for the non volatile components. SOLVENT
MTO or Xylene is the main solvent for
Industrial paints. Water is the main solvent
for water-based paints.

ADDITIVES
 Additives are usually added in small
amounts to provide a significant effect on
the product. Example: To modify surface
tension, improve flow properties, improve
the finished appearance, improve pigment
stability, control foaming, etc. ADDITIVES
Other types of additives include catalysts,
thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers,
adhesion promoters, etc
 PAINTING TECHNIQUES
BY BRUSH :
 Correctly prepared the surface and using a good quality
brush, the top of the brush is dipped in the paint and the
excess removed by drawing it against the edge of the tin.
 Working from right to left a narrow strip of the work is
covered with vertical brush strokes, the area is then “crossed”.
 The surface is then finally “laid off”.
 A strip must be joined to its neighbor as soon as possible and
the work so arranged that the surface is finished without
interruption

SPRAY PAINTING
 It is an alternative technique essential for cellulose paint.
 Simple spray equipment comprises a motor and fan giving
a current of air delivered by tube to a container and spray
gun.
 The gun has a nozzle from which the paint is forced in a
fine spray when a trigger is depressed.
 An air compressor is used in large equipment.
 Painting by spray is quicker for large areas then brushing.
 It also uses less paint for this has to be thinner
PRECAUTIONS
While painting , one must take a few precaution , such as:-

• Do not use cotton rags for cleaning , use soft synthetic or muslin cloth .
Otherwise , threads will stick to the surface leading to a patchy , uneven
finish. Cotton cloth

• Do not apply the next coat without the first one drying ,
otherwise you will have a wrinkly , patchy- finish as well as
loss of gloss.

Muslin cloth
• Do not use very hard Sandpaper , Otherwise there will be
scratches, roughness and poor gloos.
PRECAUTIONS
• Do not apply very thick coats , otherwise there will be thick rough finish ,resulting in
slow drying.

• Avoid mixing paints yourself, buy readymade paints as far as possible , otherwise there
will be patchy and inconsistent columns in the finish.
PROCESS OF WALL PAINTING
PRE-PAINTING

1. Identify the problems area like – Cracks , Dampness and prepare the surface:- surface
preparation is important because it directly affects the surface finish of the paints.
A paint , a putty knife or a sand paper is used to remove loose particles or flakes and the surface is
made enough and free from dust , dirt, grease etc.

2. Recitify the water seepage problem at source . This could mean

repairing leaking pipes or cracks in the exterior walls.

3. Scrap off old paints and dirt:- The old paints of the wall
Is always used to come out from the surface after a duration ,
check the loose plaster by tapping on the walls. A hollow sound
indicates the loose plaster, so we have to remove it with the help
of scrapper.
4. Plaster :- Allow newly plaster surface to mature for a
period of at least 6 months after the application of a coat , to
insure through drying of plaster.
PROCESS OF WALL PAINTING
PRE-PAINTING

5. Sand the surface:- After the process of scrap off the

Surface, we use sand paper to ensure that the surface is dry
and free from dust, dirt or grease.

6. Sealed the crack:- Cracked or flakes should be sealed

properly with sealant.
(- do not apply on wet surface
-only for cracks upto 3mm in depth
-drying time 6-7 hours)
PROCESS OF WALL PAINTING
PAINTING

7. Using POP or Wall putty:- Wall surface is to be prepared using POP or wall putty
with specialized equipments and let it dry for 24 hours.

Wall putty

POP
8. Sanding of walls:- Sanding of walls is done with
sandpaper or some equipments to make the base even
and balanced.
PROCESS OF WALL PAINTING
PAINTING

9. Apply primer:- Coat of primer is applied on the

surface using brushes and Roller.

10. Apply enamel paint:- A base of chalk powder

mixed white enamel paint is applied on the walls to
make it more smoother.
PROCESS OF WALL PAINTING
PAINTING

11. Second layer of putty:- Second layer of the same

putty is applied to make it feel, and look more smooth
and balanced.

12. Check error :- Error are checked and

repaired using the same chalk powder putty
using patti or putty knife followed by sanding of
walls.

13. Apply coating:- First coat is applied on

the walls in ‘W’ formation with roller and
brushes.
PROCESS OF WALL PAINTING
PAINTING

13. Check error again :- Error are checked and

repaired using the same chalk powder putty
using patti or putty knife followed by sanding of
walls.

14. Apply second coating:- Second

coat is applied on the walls in same
‘W’ formation with roller and brushes
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
PAINTS
o When applied to the surface , paint should form a thin film of uniform
nature .
o The color of the paint should withstand the adverse environmental
conditions for a long time.
o It should have an attractive and pleasuring appearance .
o The surface of the paint should not show cracks after drying .
o It should be easily applicable with brush or spraying devices.
o It should be elastic. i.e. must be able to withstand change in temperature .
o It should have an ideal resistance to corrosion and protect the material over
which it is used.
o It should possess good spreading or covering power , as it determines the
cost.
o No marks of roller or brushes should be visible in the form of bubbles or
stripes.
o Paint must not allow moulds and algae to grow on it.
o It should not have any joints visible in between.
PROCESS OF WOOD FINISHES
(VARNISHING)
1. Sand down the wood 2. Repeat the sanding process with a
progressively finer grain.

3. Wipe down your wood 4. Test the color before proceeding with a stain.
and remove any dust.
PROCESS OF WOOD FINISHES
(VARNISHING)
5. Apply the stain using a rag or a brush. 6. Continue applying the stain, and then
wipe away the excess before it dries.
RAG
BRUSH

7. Pick a finish for your 8. Apply one coat of base coat (usually termed
wood lacquer, polyester and as sealer using a compressor machine or a rag.)
melamine.
PROCESS OF WOOD FINISHES
(VARNISHING)
9. Sand it once again and match
10. Apply 2’nd coat of base coats
using a compressor machine or a rag.
the colors that is mismatched.

10. Sand it again third times and 10. Apply final top coat termed as gloss,
match the colors that is mismatched. matt or satin matt or semi gloss.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL
VERNISH
o When applied to the surface , it should form a film of uniform nature.
o T he color of the stainer should withstand for a long time .
o It should be easily cleaned later on.
o It should have an attractive and pleasure appearance.
o The surface of the varnish should not show cracks or blurry whiteness after
drying.
o Must be able to withstand change in temperature.
o It should possess good spreading or covering power , as it determines the
cost.
o No marks should be visible .
o It should not have any joints visible in between.
o Grains should be visible to give it a natural look if done on wooden surface.
o It should have a smooth surface after drying up.
o No dust particles should be there and no drop-off of final coat should be
visible.
HARMFUL EFFECT OF PAINT TO ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN

HUMAN,
Prolonged or high exposure to paint and paint fumes
can cause, headaches

✓ trigger allergies
✓ asthmatic reactions
✓ irritate skin
✓ Eyes
✓ airways

• It’s put increased stress on vital organs such as the heart

*20 % to 40 % increased risk of lung cancer for those come into regular
contact with or work with paint.

OFF GASSING
Give off a chemical, especially a harmful one or in the form of a
gas There is growing concern environmentalists about ‘off gassing’
The process by which chemicals continue to release volatile toxins
into the atmosphere long after their application is complete
 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
❖ During the life-time of the paint on your
walls, it will also continue to release
chemicals into the environment as
invisible paint pollution.

• There is a contributory factor of the greenhouse effect

and a cause of global warming
• Paints and varnishes are causing as much as five
percent of all VOC emissions

VOC's + Oxygen
" bad " ozone in the
presence of sunlight
( react with )
 Toxic Boat Paint
Paint used to deter limpets,
mussels and other sea
organisms from sticking to the
•

bottom of boats has been

labelled as the most toxic
•

substance ever to be unleased

•

on the marine environment.

Tributyltin as known as TBT was
condemned as much as forty
years ago when its harm as an
endocrine-disrupter were first
noted.
Since then, it has done untold
harm to such sea creatures as
oysters, harbor porpoises,
mussels, clams, abalone,
gastropods and skipjack tuna
as well as generally polluting
the sea.
DEFECTS & REPAIR

 Brush Marks
Causes -
 Uneven flow of the applied coating.
 Applying paint at high viscosity.
 Continued application over a longer
period of time.
Prevention -
 Apply paint under the recommended
viscosity using correct thinner.
 Apply paint quickly and evenly.
 Use clean and high quality brushes.
Cure -
 After the coat gets dried, rub down the
surface to smooth and uniform level.

 Chalking
Causes -
 Extended exposure to moisture and the
harmful radiation of UV rays.
 Over thinning the paint.
 Using low-grade paint.
Prevention -
 Ensure complete sealing of porous
surfaces.
 Avoid using inferior quality paints.
 Do not mix undercoats into finishes.
Cure -
 The fine powdery film can be removed
by wiping.
 Always apply a fresh good quality top-
coat.

 Sagging
Causes -
 Applying paint too quickly.
 Applying paint in adverse weather
conditions.
 Using improper thinner.
Prevention -
 Sand surfaces before paint.
 Roll out the thick patches.
 Avoid thinning the paint.

Cure -
 Rub down the sagging parts in a
uniform manner.
 Peeling
Causes -
 Paint containing strong solvents.
 Re-coat of dirty walls.
 Excess moisture.
Prevention -
 Remove loose paint with scraper.
 Fix cracks before you repaint.
 Use sandpaper to smoothen out
surface.
Cure -
 Cover the wall with primer.

 Flaking
Causes -
 Application over powdery or chalking
undercoats.
 Application over dirty and greasy
surfaces.
Prevention -
 Painting over spots and abrasions.
 Use a wire brush to remove flakes.
 Using top quality primer.

Cure -
 Remove all loose paint by scraping and
sanding.
 Low Coverage
Causes -
 Thinning beyond recommended
volume.
 Uneven application of primer/putty.
 Painting over a glossy finish.
Prevention -
 Use latex primer for dry wall, oil based
for wood.
 Use a larger brush/roller.
Cure -
 Add small proportion of cobalt drier or
anti skin agents.
 After flattening the surface, apply a
fresh top-coat of clear varnish.

 Loss of Gloss
Causes -
 Non-compatible thinners.
 Insufficient ait circulation.
 Application on porous surfaces.
Prevention -
 Ensure that the wall is free from
dirt/grease.
 Apply good quality primer.
 Timely paintwork and aftercare.
Cure -
 Add small proportion of cobalt drier or anti skin agents,
then apply a fresh top-coat of clear varnish.
PAINT RECYCLING
CALCULATE FOOTPRINT OF
RECYCLING

PEF METHOD:-
PEF calculates the
footprint of a product
throughout its life cycle
, rather than cradle to
gate philosophy.
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
CARBON FOOT PRINTS:-

Carbon footprint (kg CO2/M2) from various percentages of recycled materials

adopted
More than One Sustainable Solution

There are massive opportunities to reduce CO2 emissions by replacing solvent borne coatings with
powder coatings and or water borne paints.
PAINT INDUSTRY
 The Indian Paint Industry has been growing at a rate of near

About 15% for the past few years.

 The industry is estimated at around Rs. 21000 Cr.

 The per capita consumption in India is 1.5 kgs p.a., as compared

to the global average of 15 kgs p.a.

HISTORY OF PAINTS
 The Indian Paint Industry was initiated in 1902, when

Shalimar Paints set-up its first

factory in Kolkata.

 After liberalization, as the excise

duties got drastically reduced

(from 40% to 16%), the industry

recorded a healthy growth of

12- 13% annually.

Types of Decorative Paints
Decorative Paints

Interior Paints Exterior Paints

Emulsion
Wall
- Emulsion Textured
- Distemper
Cement

Metal
- Enamel

Wood
Major Players in Indian Paint Industry
 Interior Paints (Emulsion)

Dulax Velvet Touch

Asian Paints Royale

luxury Emulsion Silk
 Interior Paints (Distemper)

Tractor Distemper Beauty Distemper Bison Distemper

 Interior Paints Metal & Wood (Enamel)

Synthetic Enamel Gloss Premium Enamel

Apcolite Premium Gloss

Enamel L uxol
 Exterior Paints

Apex Ultima Weather Shield MAX

Tartaruga (Textured) Snowcem Plus (Cement)

PRICE OF PRODUCTS ( INTERIOR)

Segment Product Price (per lt.) Company

Walls (Emulsion) Royal Rs. 360-450 Asian Paints
Walls (Emulsion) Velvet Touch Rs. 360-450 ICI Dulax
Walls (Emulsion) Impression Rs. 360-450 Nerolac Paints
Walls (Emulsion) Silk Rs. 360-450 Berger Paints
Walls (Emulsion) Premium Rs. 250-280 Asian Paints
Walls (Emulsion) Super Smooth Rs. 250-280 ICI Dulax
Walls (Distemper) Tractor Rs. 60-80 (per lt.) Asian Paints
Walls (Distemper) Bison Rs. 65-80 (per lt.) Berger Paints
Metals & Woods Dulax Gloss Rs. 200-300 ICI Dulax
Premium Enamel
Metals & Woods Synthetic Enamel Rs 200-270 Nerolac Paints
Metals & Woods Luxol Rs 200-270 Berger Paints
Metals & Woods Apcolite Premium Rs 200-270 Asian Paints
Gloss Enamel
PRICE OF PRODUCTS ( EXTERIOR)

Segment Product Price (per lt.) Company

Walls (Emulsion) Apex Ultima Rs. 350-400 Asian Paints

Walls (Emulsion) Dulax Weather Rs. 350-400 ICI Dulax

Shield Max

Walls (Emulsion) Apex Rs. 250-300 Asian Paints

Walls (Emulsion) Dulax Weather Rs. 250-300 ICI Dulax

Shield

Walls (Emulsion) Weather coat All Rs. 250-300 Berger Paints

Guard
Market Shares of Companies (Contd.)

35% 32%
Asian Paints
Kansai Nerolac
Berger Paints
5% 11% ICI Paints
6% Others
11%
Unorganised
Tucson, AZ Residential Exterior Painting Project
BEFORE THE PROJECT

Abode brick house covered with

damaged stucco and peeling paint.

Peeling paint caused the stucco

to fail and exposed most of the
abode brick.

The damaged was

exacerbated by the moisture
from tough southwest
climate
 DURING THE PROJECT

The project began with removing

the failed paint and stucco all the
way to adobe brick

The walls were prepped, and stucco

was reapplied by hand

A special primer was applied to

neutralize the PH in the stucco
 AFTER THE PROJECT

2 top coats of premium Exterior

Sherwin Williams paints

The client was left a beautiful

smooth and polished exterior

The almost 100-year old

building looks good as new!