Taper & Angular measurement

A taper may be defined as a uniform increase or

decrease in diameter of a piece of work measured
along its length.
This tapering of a part has wide applications in
the construction of machines. Almost all machine
spindles have taper holes which receive taper
shank of various tools & work holding devices
A taper that provides a connection between a tool,
arbor, or center and its mating part to ensure and
maintain accurate alignment between the parts;
permits easy separation of parts.
 Details of use
Machine tool operators must be able to install or
remove tool bits quickly and easily.
 A lathe, for example, has a rotating spindle in
its headstock, to which one may want to mount a
spur drive or work in a collet. Another example
is a drill press, to which an operator may want to
mount a bit directly, or using a drill chuck.
Virtually all milling machines, from the oldest,
manual machines up to the most modern CNC
machines utilize tooling that is piloted on a
tapered surface.
Tapered shanks "stick" in tapers best when
both the shank and the receptacle are clean.
Shanks can be wiped clean, but receptacles,
being deep and inaccessible, are best cleaned
with a specialized taper cleaning tool which is
inserted, twisted, and removed.(Self locking)
Tapered shank tools are removed from
tapered receptacles either by inserting a drift
punch axially from behind, and tapping the
tapered shank tool out of the receptacle, or -
if the tapered shank tool is so designed -
inserting a wedge shaped block of metal
called a "drift" into a rectangular shaped
cross hole through the shank, and tapping it.
As the cross section of the drift gets larger
when the drift is pushed further in, the result
is that the drift, bearing against the foremost
edge of the tang receptacle, pulls the tapered
tang out.
TAPER ELEMENTS

D – Large diameter of a taper in mm

d – Small diameter of taper in mm
l - Length of tapered part in mm
2α - Full taper angle
α - Angle of taper or half taper angle
 CONICITY OR AMOUNT OF TAPER

The amount of taper in a work piece is usually specified

by the ratio of the difference in diameters of the taper
to its length. This is termed as the conicity & it is
designated by the letter K
K = D-d/l
For example D = 90mm, d = 80mm & l = 100mm
Then K = 90-80/100 = 10/100 = 1/10
This 1/10 means that the amount of taper is 1:10, or a
length of 10mm, the diameter of taper is reduced by
1mm. The amount of taper 1/10 may also be
expressed as a decimal ie 0.1.
The equation may be rearranged in various ways to
calculate any one of the unknown quantities

l = D – d/K, if the large diameter, the small diameter & the conicity
are known

D = Kl + d ; If the conicity, the length of taper & the small

diameter are known, the large diameter can be calculated

d = D – Kl ; If the conicity, the length of taper, & the large

diameter are known , the small diameter can be calculated
 STANDARD TAPERS
Machine parts & tools having inside or outside taper are
standardised to facilitate interchangeability of parts.
Tapered surfaces which follow standard dimension are
called standard tapers. Standard tapers adapted by the
Indian standard institution for various tools & machine
parts like drills , reamers , milling cutter shanks, arbors,
lathe centres etc are Morse tapers.
 Morse tapers are available in 7 sizes numbered
0,1,2,3,4,5&6. The amount of taper varies from number
to number. The number 0 Morse taper is the smallest
while number 6 is the largest in size. The non uniformity
of the angle of the taper for different Morse taper sizes is
its greatest disadvantage.
 Morse Taper

The Morse Taper was invented by Stephen

A. Morse (also the inventor of the twist drill)
in the mid-1860s.Since then it has evolved to
encompass smaller and larger sizes and has
been adopted as a standard by numerous
organizations, including the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) as
ISO 296 and the German Institute for
Standardization (DIN) as DIN 228-1.
 Morse Taper dimensions (mm)

Morse
Taper Conicity Half taper angle
number
0 19.212:1 1° 29' 27"

1 20.047:1 1° 25' 43"

2 20.020:1 1° 25' 50"

3 19.922:1 1° 26' 16"

4 19.254:1 1° 29' 15"

5 19.002:1 1° 30' 26"

6 19.180:1 1° 29' 36"
 METRIC TAPERS
The non-uniformity of the angle of the taper for
different Morse taper sizes is its greatest
disadvantage.
 Metric tapers are some times used as standard
tapers. Metric tapers are made in seven sizes and
designated by the number 4, 6, 80, 100, 120, 160 &
200. The taper number stands for the largest
diameter of the taper in mm.
 The advantage is that all metric tapers have the
same angle of the taper.


Metric taper Conicity Half taper angle

Nos. 4,6,80,100,120,160
1:20 1025’56”
& 200
Universal bevel protractor

This is an instrument used for measuring and

testing angles. Angles can be measured to an
accuracy of 5'.
Main parts are stock, blade, main scale, vernier
scale, clamping screws.
Main scale consists of 4 quadrants and is
graduated in degree from 0 - 90 on one quadrant
and 90 - 0 on the next.
Bevel Protractor with Vernier and Acute
angle attachment
 Construction of vernier scale
Vernier scale is formed by dividing 23 main scale
div. Into 12 equal parts.
Least count = value of one main scale div.–value of
one vernier scale div.
  = 2 – 23/12
= 2 – 1 11/12
= 1/12 = 5’
Vernier scale is marked in both direction from
centre and is numbered 15,30,45&60 indicating
minutes.
Vernier scale
Method of reading

Read from the scale the number of whole

degrees between main scale 0 and vernier scale
0. Read the vernier scale in the same direction
and find the number of coinciding vernier division.
Multiply this number by 5 and the product will be
the number of minutes to be added to the number
of whole degrees.
Method of reading

In the figure, Main scale reading = 120

Vernier scale reading = 50’(10X5’)

0
Sine Bar
Sine bar is used for the accurate setting and checking of
angles. It consists of a bar of square or rectangular section
which is stepped at both the ends with rollers secured into
each step. Sine bar is specified by the distance between the
centres of the two rollers, ie 100 mm,200 mm etc.
  For accurate measurements the following points in
construction are important.
 1) Roller must be of the same diameter.
 2) The distance between the roller centres must be
accurately maintained.
 3) The plane of roller centres must be parallel to the top
and bottom surfaces of the sine bar.
Sine Bar
For setting sine bar to a particular angle, first the height of slip
gauges to be used is calculated. Keep the sine bar on a
surface plate in such a way that one roller is supported on the
slip gauges of calculated height kept over the surface plate
and the other roller directly on the surface plate.
  In the figure, Sin  = h/l
Where h = height of the slip

gauges used
L = length of sine bar
 = angle set
  The height of slip gauges, h = l sin 
SINE BAR
 Angle calculation

Problem
1) A sine bar of length 200 mm used to be set
to an angle of 200 30’. Find the height of slip
gauge to be used.

We have h = l sin α
L = 200 mm, α = 200 30’, h=?
h = 200 x sin 200 30’
= 70.04 mm.
Slip gauges to a height of 70.04 mm have to be
used.
 Angle calculation

2) To set a sine bar of 200 mm length, slip

gauges of 13.26 mm height were used. Find the
angle set

h = l sin α i.e. α = sin (h / l)

We have h =13.26 mm, l = 200 mm
α = sin -1 ( 13.26/ 200)
α = 30 48’ 54”.
Angle
Problem:-
Calculation
A sine bar of length 250mm is to be set to an angle of 240 40’. Find
the height of slip gauges to be used. Select the slip gauge from
the set which contains the following gauge blocks.
 1.005 – 1No. , 1.01 to 1.09 –(9Nos), 1.1 to 1.9 –(9Nos),
 1 to 10 –(10Nos), 20,30 and 60 mm.(1 No each) 
We have l = 250 mm,  = 24040’, h = l Sin 
 so h =104.335
Slip gauge size = 60+30+10+1.3+1.03+1.005+1=104.335 mm. 

The slip gauges which are to be selected to make a height of

Sine Plate
The purpose of sine plate is to set the work piece on
machine to any workable angle and also to check angular
surfaces. It works on the principle of sine bar.
  It consists of two gray cast iron plates hinged at one
end. Top plate is provided with tapped holes for clamping the
work piece. Two rollers are provided at the ends of the top
plate and one roller acts as a hinge pin. The distance between
the centers of rollers is of a known length. Bottom plate is
provided with slots for clamping it on to the bed of the machine.
On the bottom plate a steel plate hardened and ground to a
close accuracy is fixed. On this plate slip gauges of calculated
height are kept for adjusting the required angle. Plates are
clamped in position by using clamping screws and nuts. Height
of slip gauges to be used can be calculated by the formula h =
l Sin  Where l = Length of sine plate.&  = angle which is set.
Sine Plate
SINE PLATE
 SINE CENTRE
A special type of sine bar is sine centre which is used for conical
objects having male and female parts. it cannot measure the
angle more than 45 degrees.
Due to difficulty of mounting conical work easily on a sine bar,
sine centers are used. Two blocks are mounted on top of sine
bar. These blocks accommodate centres & can be clamped at any
position on the sine bar. The centres can also be adjusted
depending on the length of the conical work piece, to be held
between centres. Sine centres are extremely used for the testing
of conical work, since the centres ensure correct alignment of the
work piece. The procedure for its setting is the same as that for
sine bar
SINE CENTRE
SINE CENTRE