Fire Safety and Electrical Safety

Fire Safety and Electrical
Safety
Fire Safety
+ Fire safety refers to planning and infrastructure design
aimed at reducing the risk of fire or impeding the
spread of a fire when one does break out.
+ Fire safety encompasses the use of fire-resistant
building materials, preventative actions, safe work
practices, fire safety training, flame-resistant protective
clothing, and more.
Fire
+ is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible material
and oxygen. This process converts the flammable or combustible
materials and oxygen into energy. Other by-products of fire include
light, smoke and other gases. Many of these gases such as carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen cyanide,
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, etc. are toxic to
humans.
The Fire Triangle and the Fire Tetrahedron
+ The fire triangle and the pyramid of fire illustrate the elements
necessary for fire to start and the methods of extinguishment. Each
side represents an essential ingredient for fire. The three elements are
Fuel, Oxygen and Heat. When a fire starts, a fourth element, which is
the chemical reaction itself, is necessary for flame propagation. The
four-sided figure is called the Fire Tetrahedron.
Flammable substance
+ is a substance having a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C) and vapor pressure
not exceeding 20 psia at 100 °F.
Flashpoint
+ Flammable substances °F °C
+ Gasoline -45 -42.8
+ Ether -49 45
+ Acetone 0 -17.8
+ Alcohol 55 12.8
Combustible substance
+ – is a substance having a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (37.8 °C).
Flashpoint
+ Combustible substances °F °C
+ Fuel Oil 100 37.8
+ Kerosene 100 37.8
+ Quenching Oil 365 185.0
+ Mineral Oil 380 193.3
Flashpoint
+ the lowest temperature at which fuel begins to give off flammable
vapors and form an ignitable mixture in air.
+ The lower the flashpoint, the more dangerous a substance is.

How to extinguish a fire?
A. Removing fuel
Taking away fuel from a fire is difficult and often times dangerous.
However, there are examples that can be employed in controlling fire such
as:
+ LPG tank flame at the nozzle of the valve is best extinguished by shutting
off the valve. When there is no fuel supply the flame will die out.
+ Flammable liquid storage tanks can be arranged so that contents can be
pumped to an empty tank in case of fire.
B. Removing oxygen
Oxygen cannot be eliminated completely so what one can do is:
+ Separate it from the fire through smothering the burning area with a
non-combustible material – this is called “suffocating the fire.”
+ Reduce the concentration of oxygen below the concentration

necessary to support combustion. This is accomplished by discharging
carbon dioxide or other inert gases into the fire.
+ C. Removing heat
+ If we reduce the heat below the kindling point or flashpoint, we stop the
release of combustible vapors and gases and extinguish the fire. To achieve
this, it is necessary to remove the heat at a greater rate than the total heat that
is being evolved from the fire. The most common agent used is water or
incorporated in foam.
Example:
- After cooking barbeque we normally put off the charcoal using water
applied directly to the flame.
Classification of fires
+ Class A fires are those fueled by materials that, when they burn, leave
a residue in the form of ash, such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber, and
certain plastics.
+ Class B fires involve flammable liquids and gasses, such as gasoline,

paint thinner, kitchen grease, propane, and acetylene.
Classification of fires
+ Fires that involve energized electrical wiring or equipment (motors,
computers, panel boxes) are Class C fires. Note that if the electricity
to the equipment is cut, a Class C fire becomes one of the other three
types of fires.
+ Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium,

titanium, and certain organometallic compounds such as alkyl lithium
and Grignard reagents.
Fire Extinguisher Operation
+ To remember how to use a fire extinguisher, think of putting out the
fire as a test you must PASS.
+ Pull the locking pin.
+ Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.
+ Squeeze the trigger all the way closed.
+ Sweep the extinguisher discharge side to side over the area of the fire.
When should you fight a fire?
+ In the event of a fire, your personal safety is your most important
concern. You are not required to fight a fire. If all of the following
conditions are met, then you may choose to use a fire extinguisher
against the fire. If any of the conditions is not met, or you have even
the slightest doubt about your personal safety, do not fight the fire.
When should you fight a fire?
Attempt to use a fire extinguisher if and only if...
+ The fire alarm has been pulled and fire department has been called.
+ The fire is small and contained.
+ You know your escape route and can fight the fire with your back to the exit.
+ You know what kind of extinguisher is required.
+ The correct extinguisher is immediately at hand.
+ You have been trained in how to use the extinguisher.
Electrical Safety
+ Electrical safety is closely related to fire safety, so we hope you do not
mind hearing some things twice. Fires are often caused by electrical
trouble, as we all know, although we also know that electrical trouble
can also mean other things like electrocution and other such accidents.
Occupational accident
+ an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of violence
arising out of or in connection with work which results in one or more
workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death. It can occur
outside the usual workplace/premises of the establishment while the
worker is on business on behalf of his/her employer, i.e., in another
establishment or while on travel, transport or in road traffic.
Occupational injury
+ An injury which results from a work-related event or a single
instantaneous exposure in the work environment (occupational
accident). Where more than one person is injured in a single accident,
each case of occupational injury should be counted separately.
Temporary incapacity
+ case where an injured person was absent from work for at least one
day, excluding the day of the accident, and 1) was able to perform
again the normal duties of the job or position occupied at the time of
the occupational accident or 2) will be able to perform the same job
but his/her total absence from work is expected not to exceed a year
starting the day after the accident, or 3) did not return to the same job
but the reason for changing the job is not related to his/her inability to
perform the job at the time of the occupational accident.
Permanent incapacity
+ Permanent Incapacity means any disability of whatsoever nature, be it
physical, mental or otherwise, which incapacitates or prevents or
handicaps an Employee from performing any specific job, work or
task which the said Employee was capable of performing immediately
before such disablement, as determined by the Committee based on a
certificate of a medical expert identified by the Company.
Fatal case
+ case where a person is fatally injured as a result of occupational
accident whether death occurs immediately after the accident or within
the same reference year as the accident.

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Fire Safety and Electrical

+ The lower the flashpoint, the more dangerous a substance is.

+ Reduce the concentration of oxygen below the concentration

+ Class B fires involve flammable liquids and gasses, such as gasoline,

+ Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium,

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