Em-4 Mini Project Linear Transformations

ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Information Technology
LINEAR
TRANSFORMATIONS
MINI PROJECT
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - IV
GROUP MEMBERS
1.AMAN ANSARI (ROLL NO:- 04)

2. GARGI CHAVAN (ROLL NO:-13)
3. SNEHA CHAVAN (ROLL NO:- 14)
4. SARIKA GADHAVE (ROLL NO:- 24)
5. GAUTAMKRISHNA CHINTA (ROLL NO:- 16)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :-

Prof. DEEPIKA PANCHAL AND
DIVYA ACHARYA
Linear Transformations
1. INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
2. MATRICES FOR LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
3. SIMILARITY
1. Introduction to Linear
Transformations :-
❏ Function T that maps a vector space V into a vector space W:
V: the domain of T
W: the codomain of T
❖ Image of v under T:
If v is in V and w is in W such that
T(v)=w
Then w is called the image of v under T.
❖ The range of T :
The set of all images of vector in V
❖ The preimage of w :
The set of all v in V such that T(v)=w.
Example : A function from R2 into R2
(a) Find the image of v = (-1,2). (b) Find the preimage of w = (-1,11)
Solution :-
Thus {(3, 4)} is the preimage of w=(-1, 11).

❏ Linear Transformation (L.T.) :
V , W：vector space
T : V  W：V to W linear tra nsformatio n
★ Note :-
(1) A linear transformation is said to be operation preserving.
Scalar Scalar
Addition Addition multiplication multiplication
in V in W in V in W
(2) A linear transformation from a vector space into itself is called a linear
operator.
Example : (Verifying a linear transformation T from R2 into R2)
Proof :-
Therefore, T is a linear transformation.
❖ Zero transformation:
❖ Identity transformation:
❖ Theorem : (Properties of linear transformations)

T : V  W , u, v  V
(1) T (0)  0
(2) T (  v )  T ( v )
(3) T (u  v )  T (u )  T ( v )
(4) If v  c1v1  c2 v2    cn vn
Then T ( v )  T (c1v1  c2 v2    cn vn )
 c1T (v1 )  c2T (v2 )    cnT (vn )
Example : (Linear transformations and bases)
Let be a linear transformation such that
Find T(2, 3, -2).

Solution :-
(T is a L.T.)
Example : (A linear transformation defined by a matrix)
The function is defined as
Solution :-
(vector addition)
(scalar multiplication)
❖ Theorem :- (The linear transformation given by a matrix)
Let A be an m×n matrix. The function T defined by
is a linear transformation from Rn into Rm.

★ Note :-
 a11 a12  a1n   v1   a11v1  a12v2    a1n vn 
 a21 a22  a2 n  v2   a21v1  a22v2    a2 n vn 
Av       
         
am1 am 2  amn  vn  am1v1  am 2 v2    amn vn 
Example: (A linear transformation from Mm×n into Mn ×m )
Show that T is a linear transformation.
Solution :-
Therefore, T is a linear transformation from Mm×n into Mn ×m.

2. Matrices for Linear Transformations :-
❏ Two representations of the linear transformation T:R3→R3 :
❏ Three reasons for matrix representation of a linear

transformation:
➔ It is simpler to write.
➔ It is simpler to read.
➔ It is more easily adapted for computer use.
❖ Theorem :- (Standard matrix for a linear transformation)
 a11   a12   a1n 

 a21   a22   a2 n 
T (e1 )    , T (e2 )    ,  , T (en )   ,
        
 am1   am 2  amn 
 a11 a12  a1n 

 a21 a22  a2 n 
A  T (e1 ) T (e2 )  T (en )   
    
am1 am 2  amn 
Proof :-  v1 
 v2 
v     v1e1  v2 e2    vn en
 
vn 
T is a L.T.  T (v )  T (v1e1  v2 e2    vn en )
 T (v1e1 )  T (v2 e2 )    T (vn en )
 v1T (e1 )  v2T (e2 )    vnT (en )
 a11 a12  a1n   v1   a11 v1  a12v2    a1n vn 
 a21 a22  a2 n  v2   a21v1  a22v2    a2 n vn 
Av       
          
am1 am 2  amn  vn  am1v1  am 2 v2    amn vn 
 a11   a12   a1n 
 a21   a22   a2 n 
 v1    v2      vn  
     
am1  am 2  amn 
 v1T (e1 )  v2T (e2 )    vnT (en )
Example : (Finding the standard matrix of a linear transformation)
Solution :-
Vector Notation Matrix Notation
■ Check:
■ Note:
❖ Inverse linear transformation:
★ Note :-
If the transformation T is invertible, then the inverse is
unique and denoted by T –1 .
Example : (Finding a matrix relative to non-standard bases)
Let T：R 2  R 2 be a L.T. defined by
Solution :-
3. Similarity :-
Example :- (Similar matrices)
Example : (A comparison of two matrices for a linear transformation)
Solution :-
★ Note :- Computational advantages of diagonal matrices:
d1k 0  0 d1 0  0
k
0 d 2k  0  0 d2  0
(1) D    D 
       
 0 0  d nk   0 0  d n 
 d11 0  0
0 1
 0
(3) D 1   d2
, d i  0
   
0 0  1 
 dn 
Application:-
• Linear Transformation are used in both abstract

mathematics, as well as computer science.
• Linear Transformations within calculas are used as
way of tracking change, also known as derivatives.

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ATHARVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Information Technology

1.AMAN ANSARI (ROLL NO:- 04)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :-

1. INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

2. MATRICES FOR LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Thus {(3, 4)} is the preimage of w=(-1, 11).

❖ Theorem : (Properties of linear transformations)

Find T(2, 3, -2).

is a linear transformation from Rn into Rm.

Show that T is a linear transformation.

Therefore, T is a linear transformation from Mm×n into Mn ×m.

❏ Three reasons for matrix representation of a linear

 a11   a12   a1n 

 a11 a12  a1n 

• Linear Transformation are used in both abstract

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