MODERN SURVEY

TECHNIQUES

Made By: Nishant Das (104015)

Mohammed Ali Akbar (104018)
Harsh Khanpara (104019)
INTRODUCTION
• What is surveying?
Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements
especially of the earth surface. This is being done by finding out
the spatial location (relative/absolute) of points on or near the
earth surface.

• Types of methods of Surveying:

1.Modern Surveying Methods
2.Traditional Surveying Methods
What are the benefits of Traditional vs
Modern surveying techniques?
Traditional Surveying Techniques Modern Surveying
Traditional methods are used for Techniques
Modern surveying methods often
making linear measurements of an incorporate some form of digital
area or building or for levelling. device and GPS systems to allow us
to calculate a range of measurements
These include;
• Theodolites including angles, levels and
• ‘Dumpy Level’ distances.
• Measuring Wheel
• Tape Measure These include;
• Total Stations
• GPS Equipment
MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
AND THEIR USES:
• Electronic Distance Measurement
(EDM) Instruments
• Total Station
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Automatic Level
Electronic Distance Measurement
(EDM) Instruments
Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of
determining the length between two points using
electromagnetic waves. EDM is commonly carried out with
digital instruments called theodolites.

EDM instruments are highly reliable and convenient pieces of

surveying equipment and can be used to measure distances of
up to 100 kilometers. Each piece of EDM equipment available
at Engineer Supply provides dependably accurate distance
measurements displayed on an easy-to-read digital screen.
EDM
TYPES OF EDM INSTRUMENTS
u INFRARED WAVES: These instruments measure
distances by using amplitude modulated infrared
waves. At the end of the line, prisms mounted on
target are used to reflect the waves. E.g. DISTOMAT DI
1000 and DISTOMAT DI 5

u LIGHT WAVED INSTRUMENTS: These are the

instruments which measures distances based on
propagation of modulated light waves.Eg: Geodimeter

u MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS: These instruments make

use of high frequency radio waves. Eg. Tellurometer
Total Station
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building
construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance
meter (EDM).It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and
storage system.

Functions of Total Station

Total Station can perform the following functions:
1) Distance measurement
2) Angular measurement
3) Data processing
4) Digital display of point details
5) Storing data is an electronic field book
 Major Components of Total Station
The important components along with their features of
total station are listed below
1) Keyboard-control - All the functions are controlled
by operating keyboard.
2) Digital panel - The panel displays the values of
distance, angle, height and the coordinates of the
observed point, where the reflector (target) is kept.
3) Remote height object - The heights of some
inaccessible objects such as towers can be read
directly.
Global Positioning System(GPS)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation system using satellites, a
receiver and algorithms to synchronize location, velocity and time data for air, sea
and land travel.
Three Components of GPS that work together to navigate are
•Space (Satellites) — The satellites circling the Earth, transmitting signals to users on
geographical position and time of day.
•Ground control — The control segment is made up of Earth-based monitor stations, master
control stations and ground antenna. Control activities include tracking and operating the
satellites in space and monitoring transmissions.
•User equipment — GPS receivers and transmitters including items like watches,
smartphones and telematic devices.
There are five main uses of GPS:
1.Location — Determining a position.
2.Navigation — Getting from one location to another.
3.Tracking — Monitoring object or personal movement.
4.Mapping — Creating maps of the world.
5.Timing — Making it possible to take precise time measurements.
Working of GPS Technology
u Satellites orbiting the earth send signals to be read and interpreted by a
GPS device, situated on or near the earth’s surface. To calculate location,
a GPS device must be able to read the signal from at least four satellites.

u Each satellite in the network circles the earth twice a day, and each
satellite sends a unique signal, orbital parameters and time. At any given
moment, a GPS device can read the signals from six or more satellites.

u A single satellite broadcasts a microwave signal which is picked up by a

GPS device and used to calculate the distance from the GPS device to the
satellite. Since a GPS device only gives information about the distance
from a satellite, a single satellite cannot provide much location
information. Satellites do not give off information about angles, so the
location of a GPS device could be anywhere on a sphere’s surface area.
Automatic Level
u A dumpy level, builder's auto level, levelling instrument, or
automatic level is an optical instrument used to establish
or verify points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in
surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure
height differences and to transfer, measure and set
heights.
u Invented in the early 1700’s, Dumpy Level was considered
standard, until the Transit Level was invented in the
1830’s. The level has further evolved into an Automatic
Level. This automatic level is an optical instrument
leveraged in surveying and building to transfer, measure,
and set horizontal levels.
u Professional automatic levels are built for the construction
site and general survey tasks. They are precise, easy to set
up, and will ace every performance comparison – from
general construction applications, to the precision levelling
Basic Components of Automatic Level
The basic setup of an automatic level consists of
u Telescope - holds lenses that magnify objects in the
sight.
u Focusing Knob - can be turned to make objects appear
crisp and clear.
u Objective Lens - catches the object being sighted and
magnifies the object.
u Graduated Horizontal Circle - marked by degrees, used
for setting and reading horizontal angles.
u Levelling Screws - allows adjustments to be made to
ensure the instrument is level.
u Base Plate - area that the automatic level attaches to on
the tripod.
u Horizontal Tangent Screw - can be adjusted to make the
instrument move left or right on the horizontal plate.
u Circular Level - mounted on the automatic level, this
ensures that the instrument is at a true level point.
u Eyepiece - located at the viewing end of the telescope,
it can be turned to bring the crosshairs into focus.
Some Basic Applications
Automatic • Verifying elevations of foundations, footings
levels are and walls.
• Structural framework.
useful in • Establishing proper drainage for structures.
many • Determining the correct elevation for floors.
different • Establishing the height of doors and windows.
• Developing suspended ceilings.
situations:

How Does Auto Level Work

An automatic level includes an internal compensator mechanism (a
swinging prism) that, when set close to level, automatically removes
any remaining variation. This reduces the need to set the instrument
base truly level, as with a dumpy level.
Explanation Video(Presentation)
THANK YOU