IP Addressing: Classful and Classless Addressing: DR - Shiny Duela J Associate Professor

IP addressing:
Classful and
Classless
Addressing Dr.Shiny Duela J
Associate Professor
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IP Addressing
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• Every device in a network has an IP address.

• The address helps to identify each device in the network and allows communicating with other
devices in the network.
• An IP address consists of 32 bits.
• Every 8 bits is an octet, and they are separated by a dot.
• The address consists of two sections as network ID and host ID.
• The network ID represents the network while the host ID represents the host.
• There are two IP addressing types as classful and classless addressing.
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global addressing scheme in which no two hosts have the same address.
The Internet was originally proposed with IPv4 addressing that was 32-bit long
In the 1990s, another addressing, IPv6, with 128-bit long addresses was proposed.
Classful IP
addressing scheme
Classful addressing categorizes the IP addresses into five major classes: class A, B, C, D, and
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• Class A addresses allocate first 8 bits for the network and the remaining bits for the host.
• Class B addresses allocate first 16 bits for the network and the remaining bits for the host.
• Class C addresses allocate first 24 bits for the network and the remaining bits for the host.
• Class D addresses do not have the network ID and host ID. These addresses are used for
Classful multicasting.
Addressing • Class E addresses also do not have network ID and host ID. These addresses are reserved
for future and for experiments.
By reading the first octet, we can determine the class of an address to

which it belongs.
1 – 126 – Class A address
128 – 191 – Class B address
192 – 223 – Class C address
224 – 239 – Class D address
240 – 254 – Class E address
32 bit IP address 6
4 groups of 8 bits
calculation subtracts 2
because 0s and 1s in the dotted decimal notation
host part of a Class A
address may not be 8-bit breakpoints
assigned to individual
256 (= 2 power 8) decimal values in each part
hosts
Since 0 is an assignable value, no decimal
values can be more than 255.
Each class A address has the first bit set to 0

and is followed by 7 bits for the network part
maximum of 128 (= 2 power 7) class A supports a maximum of 2

followed by a 24-bit host part power 24 − 2 hosts per network
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• Each class B network address has the first two bits set to ‘10’,
followed by a 14-bit network part, which is then followed by a 16-bit
host part.
• A maximum of 2 power 14 networks can be defined with up to 2
power 16 − 2 hosts per network.
• Finally, a class C network address has the first three bits set as
‘110’ and followed by a 21-bit network part, with the last 8 bits to
identify the host part.
• Class C provides support for a maximum of 2 power 21(= 2, 097,
152) networks with up to 254 (2 power 8 − 2) hosts
• The three address classes discussed so far are used for unicasting
in the Internet, that is for a host to host communication.
• There is another class of IP addresses, known as Class D
addressing, that is used for multicasting in the Internet.
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• Class D addressing - multicasting in the Internet; the first four bits of the 32-bit address
are set to ‘1110’ to indicate that it is a multicast address.
• A host can use a multicast address as the destination address for a packet generated to
indicate that the packet is meant for any hosts on the Internet;
• any hosts to avail this feature, they must use another mechanism to tune into this
address.
• Like radio station frequency; a radio station transmits on a particular frequency—any
listener who wants to listen to this radio station must tune her radio dial to this frequency.
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• Each IP class is equipped with its own default subnet mask which bounds that IP class to
have prefixed number of Networks and prefixed number of Hosts per network.
• Classful IP addressing does not provide any flexibility of having less number of Hosts per
Network or more Networks per IP Class.
• CIDR or Classless Inter Domain Routing provides the flexibility of borrowing bits of Host
part of the IP address and using them as Network in Network, called Subnet.
• By using subnetting, one single Class A IP address can be used to have smaller sub-
networks which provides better network management capabilities.
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Class A Subnets
In Class A, only the first octet is used as Network identifier and rest of three octets are used to
be assigned to Hosts (i.e. 16777214 Hosts per Network).
To make more subnet in Class A, bits from Host part are borrowed and the subnet mask is
changed accordingly.
For example, if one MSB (Most Significant Bit) is borrowed from host bits of second octet and
added to Network address, it creates two Subnets (=2) with (-2) 8388606 Hosts per Subnet.
The Subnet mask is changed accordingly to reflect subnetting. Given below is a list of all
possible combination of Class A subnets −
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In case of subnetting too, the very first and last IP address of every subnet is used
for Subnet Number and Subnet Broadcast IP address respectively.
Because these two IP addresses cannot be assigned to hosts, sub-netting cannot be

implemented by using more than 30 bits as Network Bits, which provides less than
two hosts per subnet.
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Identifying network portion and host portion in an IP address is the first step of Subnetting.
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Subnetting can only be done in host portion.
Subnet mask is used to distinguish the network portion from host portion in an IP address.
An IP address and a subnet mask both collectively provide a numeric identity to an interface.
Both addresses are always used together.
Without subnet mask, an IP address is an ambiguous address and without IP address a subnet
mask is just a number.
Both addresses are 32 bits in length.
These bits are divided in four parts.
Each part is known as octet and contains 8 bits.
Octets are separated by periods and written in a sequence.

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IP addressing:

• Every device in a network has an IP address.

By reading the first octet, we can determine the class of an address to

Each class A address has the first bit set to 0

maximum of 128 (= 2 power 7) class A supports a maximum of 2

Because these two IP addresses cannot be assigned to hosts, sub-netting cannot be

Both addresses are always used together.

Both addresses are 32 bits in length.

These bits are divided in four parts.

Each part is known as octet and contains 8 bits.

Octets are separated by periods and written in a sequence.

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