Thermodynamics: Unit - 1
Thermodynamics: Unit - 1
Thermodynamics: Unit - 1
THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT -1
WINNY DASARI
ASST.PROFESSOR
SYLLABUS
UNIT – I
Introduction: Basic Concepts : System, boundary, Surrounding, Universe, control
volume, Types of Systems, Macroscopic and Microscopic viewpoints, Concept of
Continuum, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, State, Property, Process - Reversible, Quasi
static & Irreversible Processes, cycle, Causes of Irreversibility. Energy in State and in
Transition - Types, Work and Heat, Point and Path function.
System : The part of the universe that is under consideration. It is separated from the
rest of the universe by it’s boundaries.
2. FIRST LAW
LAWS OF
THERMODYNAMIC
S
3. SECOND LAW
4. THIRD LAW
1. Zeroth Law : If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system then
they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
3. Second Law :
ENTROPY: It is the measure of disorder in the system. All systems gain entropy
over time.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of both a system and its
surroundings will NEVER decrease.
It is impossible to build a cyclic machine that converts heat into work with 100%
efficiency . Kelvin’s statement of the second law.
Heat does not ‘flow*’ from a colder body to a hotter body, without an concomitant
change outside of the two bodies Clausius’s statement of the second law.
This law also governs the direction of process
The total entropy of the universe always increases.
ΔS universe ≥ 0
ΔS universe = ΔS system + ΔS Surrounding
3. Third Law :
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The entropy of a system
at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of
different ground states it has.
The entropy of a perfect crystal of any pure substance approaches zero as the
temperature approaches absolute zero.
Equilibrium means the state of balance of a system within itself and between
system and surroundings. Thus for attending a state of Thermodynamic
equilibrium following three types of equilibrium states the system must
achieve.
1. Thermal Equilibrium
2. Mechanical Equilibrium
3. Chemical Equilibrium
1. Thermal Equilibrium
For a system to be in thermal equilibrium there should not be any temperature gradient
in the system. For a system to be in thermal equilibrium it is not necessary that the
system should be in mechanical and chemical equilibrium.
2. Mechanical Equilibrium
For a system to be in mechanical equilibrium there should be any pressure unbalancing
either in the interior of the system or between the system and the surroundings.
3. Chemical Equilibrium
For a system to be in chemical equilibrium there should be equality of chemical
potential i.e., there should not be any chemical reactions.
Heat & Work
Heat : Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems.
Thermodynamic definition of heat: It is the energy in transition between the system
and the surroundings by virtue of the difference in temperature.
Work : It is the transfer of mechanical energy between two systems.
Thermodynamic definition of work: Positive work is done by a system when the sole
effect external to the system could be reduced to the rise of a weight.
Both heat and work in the form of energy with units as joule.
Path: If all the changes of states of the system are plotted, then line joining the change
of states of the system is known as path.
Process: A process is a complete description of change of state of a thermodynamic
system through a specified path.
Cycle: A thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of state of changes such that the
initial state is identical with the final state.
Point and Path Functions
Point Functions: Point function are those function which depend upon the initial and
final point of the curve and is not affected by the path of the curve ,even if the path of the
function is changed but the initial and the final points are the same then the function will
give the same value .
• They depend on the state only, and not on how a system reaches that state. All
properties are point functions.
Process A: V2 - V1 = 3 m3
Process B: V2 - V1 = 3 m3
Path Functions: On the other hand path function are those functions whose value
depends upon the path traced by them .If their path is changed keeping the initial and
final point same , their value will change.
• Their magnitudes depend on the path followed during a process as well as the end
states. Work (W), heat (Q) are path functions.
Process A: WA = 10 kJ
Process B: WB = 7 kJ
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
CONSTANT VOLUME GAS THERMOMETER
CONSTANT VOULME
Change in GAS THERMOMETER
temperature
CONSTANT PRESSURE
GAS THERMOMETER
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Freezing point of water known as ice point and boiling point of water known as steam
point are taken as the reference states for all types of temperature scales.
The various types as temperature scales in use are :
a) Celsius scale
b) Fahrenheit scale
c) Kelvin scale
d) Rankine scale
A Gas of volume 6000cm³ at a pressure of 100 kPa is compressed quasi statically
according to PV2 = constant until the volume becomes 2000cm³. Determine the final
pressures and work transfer
W