Classification of tumor based on Histology

Name: Abhishek Anand Shetye

Roll No.: 6066
Class: M.Sc. Microbiology 2
Subject: TC4 Tumor Immunology
Guide: Dr. Walhe Sir
 What is Tumor?

• Cells that no longer respond to normal cell growth mechanisms, giving rise to
clone of cells that proliferate in an uncontrolled and unregulated manner giver rise
to tumor.

• The term cancer refers specially to a malignant tumor.

• Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, as neoplasia, cells undergo an abnormal

pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia.
 Difference between Benign and Malignant tumor

Benign Tumor Malignant Tumor

An abnormal growth that does not invade An abnormal growth that can invade and
surrounding tissue or spread to other destroy nearby tissue and that may
parts of body spread to other parts of the body
Have a slow growth rate Have a fast growth rate
Most cells in benign tumors are normal Cells have abnormal DNA and
chromosomes, which make the nucleus
larger and darker
Cells are not cancerous Cells are cancerous
Easy to remove Difficult to remove
Have a less chance to recur Most likely recur
Can be treated with surgery Treated with chemotherapy, radiation
therapy or immunotherapy treatments
 History of Tumor

• The earliest known descriptions of tumor appear in seven papyri, discovered and
deciphered late in 19th century by “Edwin Smith” and “John Ebers”.
• Ancient Egyptians were able to distinguish benign tumors from malignant tumors.
• The term tumor was coined by Hippocrates “Karkinoma” because tumor looked
like a crab.
• Hippocrates and Galen defined disease as natural process and based treatment on
observation and experience
1. The Breasted edition (1930): left page photograph of the original papyrus, right page
transcription of hieroglyphics. This is Plate XIII (column 13, case 38-41)
2. Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of
Medicine.
 How does Tumor forms

1. DNA alterations inducing malignancy:

• Transformation can be induced by various chemical substances, physical agents,
and ionizing radiations; all are linked to DNA mutations.
• Tobacco smoke causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA
damages are likely to cause of neoplasms.
• Infection with certain viruses, most of which share the property of integrating into
host cell genome, lead to transformation.
• Helicobacter pylori infection produces high levels of reactive oxygen species that
damages DNA and contributes to gastric cancer.
2. Inflammation:
• Inflammation is a normal physiological response that causes injured tissue to heal.
• Once the wound is healed the inflammatory process ends.
• In chronic inflammation the inflammatory process may begin even there is no
injury and does not end when it should.
• Chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage and lead to malignancy.
3. Oncogenes:
• The discovery that disruption of normal cellular genes can lead to cancer came
from studies done with cancer-causing viruses.
• Which led to the term oncogene, from the Greek word ónkos (which means “mass”
or “tumor”).
• Temin proposed that a virus might acquire a normal growth-promoting gene from
the genome of a cell it infects.
• Cellular transformation has also been associated with mutations in proto-
oncogenes. This may be a major mechanism by which chemical carcinogens or X-
rays convert a proto-oncogenes into a tumor inducing oncogene.
• For example single point mutation in c-ras, which encodes a GTPase, have been
detected in carcinomas of the bladder, colon and lungs.
Fig: The relationship of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
 Different Classification systems of Tumor

• Tumors are traditionally classified into four ways:

1. By tissue, organ, and system (histology).
2. By specific type.
3. Grade according to WHO classification.
4. Spread according to Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM).
• Carcinomas: Tumors that arise from epithelial origin such as skin, gut, or the
epithelial lining of internal organs and glands.
• E.g.: Colon,, Breast, Prostate and lung cancer (80-90%)
• Leukemias, lymphomas and myelomas: are malignant tumors of hematopoietic
cells derived from the bone marrow and account for about 9% of cancer
incidence.
• Sarcomas: these arises less frequently (around 1%) are derived from mesodermal
connective tissue such as Bone, Fat, and Cartilage.
[Adapted from J. Darnell et al., 1990, Molecular Cell Biology, 2nd ed., Scientific American Books.]
 Why to do tumor classification?

• Presents concise information.

• Study of each tumor’s genetics.
• Clinical and image findings.
• Risk factors and prognosis.
• Planning of treatment.
 Classification of tumors based on Histology

• Different body tissue types give rise to different tumors, both benign and
malignant. The following table show the different kinds of tumors each of the
following tissue types are vulnerable to:

Site of origin Tumor

Epithelial tissue Adenoma
Fibrous tissue Fibroma
Blood vessels Hemangiomas
Fat tissue Lipomas
Meningioma Meningiomas
Muscle cells Myomas
Hematopoietic cells Leukemia
 1. Adenoma

• Adenomas are benign tumors starting in the

epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like
structure.
• A common type of adenoma is a polyp in
the colon.
• Adenomas might also grow in the liver or
the adrenal, pituitary, or thyroid gland.
 2. Hemangiomas

• Hemangiomas are a buildup of blood vessel cells in the skin or internal organs.
• Hemangiomas are a common type of birthmark, often occurring on the head, neck,
or trunk.
• Those that interfere with vision, hearing, or eating may require treatment with
corticosteroids or other medication.
 3. Leukemia

• Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone

marrow and the lymphatic system.
• Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells.
1. Classification is by how fast the leukemia progresses:
• Acute leukemia.
• Chronic leukemia.
2. classification is by type of white blood cell affected:
• Lymphocytic leukemia.
• Myelogenous
 Treatment overview

1. T-cell transfer therapy:

• Treatment that boosts the natural ability of your T cells to fight cancer.
• T-cell transfer therapy may also be called adoptive cell therapy, adoptive
immunotherapy, or immune cell therapy.
2. Monoclonal Antibodies:
• Monoclonal antibodies may also be called therapeutic antibodies.
• These are immune system proteins created in the lab that are designed to bind to
specific targets on cancer cells.
• E.g. Rituximab, Ibritumomab tiuxetan.
 Treatment overview

3. Immune system modulators:

• Enhance the body’s immune response against cancer.
• BCG
• Immunomodulatory drugs(BRM)
• Interferons
• Interleukins
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Thank-You