Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Faculty of Mechanic Engineering

Mechanical
Engineering Design

Shaft

Prepared by Keat Rayuth

Pictures

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

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Pictures

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

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Pictures

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

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Pictures

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

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Shaft Stresses
Shaft Stresses

Bending Stress: Alternating & midrange

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Torsion Stress: Alternating & midrange

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- , : alternating &midrange bending moments

- , : alternating &midrange torque moments
- , : fatigue stress-concentration factors for bending & torsion.
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Shaft Stresses

Bending Stress: Alternating & midrange

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Torsion Stress: Alternating & midrange

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Stresses in Shafts

The following stresses are induced in the shafts :

1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e. due to torsional
load).
2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon
machine elements like gears, pulleys etc. as well as due to the weight
of the shaft itself.
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

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Stresses in Shafts

• ចាប់អារម្មណ៍លើ Stresses និង Strains

រាងជារង្វង់ លើ Shafts មានចលនាពីរក្នុង
ការបង្វល
ិ
• Turbine Exerts មានចលនាបង្វល
ិ T លើ
Shaft
• ិ ជុំ ពី Generator
Shaft ទទួលកំលាំងបង្វល
• Generator បង្កើតបានកំលាំងបង្វល ំ រ
ិ ជុថេ
T ដែលមានទិលដៅផ្ទុយគ្នា

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Design of Shafts
មូលដ្ឋា នក្នុងការ design Shafts ក្នុងរូបភាពជា

1. កម្លា ំង (Strength) 2. ភាពរ ឹង (Rigidity and stiffness).

ក្នុងការ designing shafts ទៅលើមូលដ្ឋា ននៃកម្លា ំង ដូចករណីខាងក្រោមអាចត្រូវបាន

ុ ថាជា :
ចាត់ទក

(a) Shafts រង់នវូ moment ឫ កម្លា ំងបង្វល

ិ (torque) តែមួយ,
(b) Shafts រង់នវូ កម្លា
​ ំងពត់ (bending moment) តែមួយ,
(c) Shafts រង់នច
ូ ការបញ្ចូ លគ្នា រវាងចលនា និងកម្លា ំងពត់ (bending moments)
(d) Shafts រង់នវូ អ័ក្សដែលបន្មកម្លា ំង torsional and bending loads.

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Shafts Subjected to Twisting Moment Only

(1)

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Shaft Subjected to Twisting moment only

អតិបរមា Shear Stress អនុញ្ញា តត្រឹមតែ៖

(a) 56 MPa for shafts without allowance for key ways.
(b) 42 MPa for shafts with allowance for keyways.

Shear Stress​ អនុញ្ញា ត (τ) អាចត្រូវបានយកជា 30 ភាគរយនៃដែនកំណត់

ដែលយឺតក្នុង Stresse (σel) ប៉ន
ុ ម
្ ន
ិ លើសពី 18 ភាគរយនៃកម្លា ំងទាញ

ចុងក្រោយ (σu) ,

τ = 0.3 σel or 0.18 σu

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We know that for round solid shaft, polar moment of inertia,

The equation (1) may now be written as

(2)

From this equation, we may determine the diameter of round solid shaft ( d ).
We also know that for hollow shaft, polar moment of inertia,

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where do and d1 = Outside and inside diameter of the shaft, and r = do / 2.
Substituting these values in equation (1), we have

(3)

Let k = Ratio of inside diameter and outside diameter of the shaft

= d1 / d o
Now the equation (3) may be written as

(4)

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From the equations (3) or (4), the outside and inside diameter of a hollow
shaft may be determined. It may be noted that:
1. The hollow shafts are usually used in marine work. These shafts are
stronger per kg of
material and they may be forged on a mandrel, thus making the material more
homogeneous thanwould be possible for a solid shaft.
When a hollow shaft is to be made equal in strength to a solid shaft, the
twisting moment of both the shafts must be same. In other words, for the
same material of both the shafts,

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2. The twisting moment (T) may be obtained by using the following relation :
We know that the power transmitted (in watts) by the shaft,

where T = Twisting moment in N-m, and

N = Speed of the shaft in r.p.m.

3. In case of belt drives, the twisting moment ( T ) is given by

T = (T1 – T2 ) R
where
T1 and T2 = Tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively,
and
R = Radius of the pulley.
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Example 1
A line shaft rotating at 200 r.p.m. is to transmit 20 kW. The shaft may be assumed
to be made of mild steel with an allowable shear stress of 42 MPa. Determine
the diameter of the shaft, neglecting the bending moment on the shaft.

Solution
Given : N = 200 r.p.m. ; P = 20 kW = 20 × 103 W; τ = 42 MPa = 42 N/mm2
Let d = Diameter of the shaft.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,

We also know that torque transmitted by the shaft ( T ),

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Example 2.
A solid shaft is transmitting 1 MW at 240 r.p.m. Determine the diameter of
the shaft if the maximum torque transmitted exceeds the mean torque by 20%.
Take the maximum allowable shear stress as 60 MPa.

Solution.
Given : P = 1 MW = 1 × 106 W ; N = 240 r.p.m. ; Tmax = 1.2 Tmean ;
τ = 60 MPa = 60 N/mm2
Let d = Diameter of the shaft.
We know that mean torque transmitted by the shaft,

Maximum torque transmitted,

Tmax = 1.2 Tmean = 1.2 × 39 784 × 10 3= 47 741 × 103 N-mm
We know that maximum torque transmitted (Tmax),

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Example 3.
Find the diameter of a solid steel shaft to transmit 20 kW at 200 r.p.m. The
ultimate shear stress for the steel may be taken as 360 MPa and a factor of safety as 8.
If a hollow shaft is to be used in place of the solid shaft, find the inside and outside
diameter when the ratio of inside to outside diameters is 0.5.

Solution. Given : P = 20 kW = 20 × 103 W ; N = 200 r.p.m. ; τu = 360 MPa = 360

N/mm2 ; F.S. = 8 ; k = di / do = 0.5
We know that the allowable shear stress,

Diameter of the solid shaft

Let d = Diameter of the solid shaft.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,

We also know that torque transmitted by the solid shaft (T),

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Diameter of hollow shaft
Let di = Inside diameter, and
do = Outside diameter.
We know that the torque transmitted by the hollow shaft ( T ),

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Shafts Subjected to Bending Moment Only
When the shaft is subjected to a bending moment only, then the maximum stress (tensile or
compressive) is given by the bending equation. We know that

...(i)

where M = Bending moment,

I = Moment of inertia of cross-sectional area of the shaft about the axis of rotation,
σb = Bending stress, and
y = Distance from neutral axis to the outer-most fibre.

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 We know that for a round solid shaft, moment of inertia,

Substituting these values in equation (i), we have

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From this equation, diameter of the solid shaft (d) may be obtained.
We also know that for a hollow shaft, moment of inertia,

Again substituting these values in equation (i), we have

From this equation, the outside diameter of the shaft (do) may be obtained.

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Example 4.
A pair of wheels of a railway wagon carries a load of 50 kN on each axle box, acting at
a distance of 100 mm outside the wheel base. The gauge of the rails is 1.4 m. Find the
diameter of the axle between the wheels, if the stress is not to exceed 100 MPa.

Solution.
Given : W = 50 kN = 50 × 103 N ; L = 100 mm ; x = 1.4 m ; σb = 100 MPa = 100 N/mm2

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The axle with wheels is shown in Fig. 1.
A little consideration will show that the maximum bending moment
acts on the wheels at C and D. Therefore maximum bending
moment,
*M = W.L = 50 × 103 × 100 = 5 × 106 N-mm

The maximum B.M. may be obtained as follows :

RC = RD = 50 kN = 50 × 103 N
B.M. at A, MA = 0
B.M. at C, MC = 50 × 103 × 100 = 5 × 106 N-mm
B.M. at D, MD = 50 × 103 × 1500 – 50 × 103 × 1400 = 5 × 106 N-mm
B.M. at B, MB = 0

Let d = Diameter of the axle.

We know that the maximum bending moment (M),

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Substituting the values of τ and σb from Art. 14.9 and Art. 14.10, we have

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Example 5.
A solid circular shaft is subjected to a bending moment of 3000 N-m and a torque of
10 000 N-m. The shaft is made of 45 C 8 steel having ultimate tensile stress of 700 MPa and
a ultimate shear stress of 500 MPa. Assuming a factor of safety as 6, determine the diameter
of the shaft.

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Example 6.
A shaft supported at the ends in ball bearings carries a straight tooth spur gear
at its mid span and is to transmit 7.5 kW at 300 r.p.m. The pitch circle diameter of the
gear is 150 mm. The distances between the centre line of bearings and gear are 100 mm
each. If the shaft is made of steel and the allowable shear stress is 45 MPa, determine
the diameter of the shaft. Show in a sketch how the gear will be mounted on the shaft;
also indicate the ends where the bearings will be mounted?
The pressure angle of the gear may be taken as 20°.

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Example 8. A line shaft is driven by means of a motor placed vertically below it. The pulley
on the line shaft is 1.5 metre in diameter and has belt tensions 5.4 kN and 1.8 kN on the tight
side and slack side of the belt respectively. Both these tensions may be assumed to be vertical.
If the pulley be overhang from the shaft, the distance of the centre line of the pulley from the
centre line of the bearing being 400 mm, find the diameter of the shaft. Assuming maximum
allowable shear stress of 42 MPa.
Solution .
Given : D = 1.5 m or R = 0.75 m; T1 = 5.4 kN = 5400 N ; T2 = 1.8 kN = 1800 N ;
L = 400 mm ; τ = 42 MPa = 42 N/mm2
A line shaft with a pulley is shown in Fig 14.4.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,
T = (T1 – T2) R = (5400 – 1800) 0.75 = 2700 N-m
= 2700 × 103 N-mm

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Thank You!

Faculty of Mechanic 47