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    SM-VIII-Understanding Dynamics of Power and Politics

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    SM-VIII-Understanding Dynamics of Power and Politics

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    bharat bhat
    25 views27 pages

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    SM-VIII-Understanding dynamics of Power and Politics

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    25 views27 pages

    SM-VIII-Understanding Dynamics of Power and Politics

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    bharat bhat

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Topic -8 Understanding dynamics of Power and

    Politics

    Dr. Vijay Kumar Pandey​


    Professor, Symbiosis Law School, Noida​
    MBA (Marketing), M.Phil. (Management),
    PhD (Management), UGC NET (Management)​
    Conformity
    In psychology, conformity is defined as the act of matching
    attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
    Key Points
    •The two major motives in conformity are: 1) normative influence,
    or the tendency to conform in order to gain social acceptance; and
    2) informational influence, which is based on the desire to obtain
    useful information through conformity and achieve a correct or
    appropriate result.
    •Several factors are associated with increased conformity, including
    larger group size, unanimity, high group cohesion, and perceived
    higher status of the group.
    •Other factors associated with conformity are culture, gender, age,
    and importance of stimuli.
    •Minority influence is the degree to which a smaller faction within
    the group maintaining a different position on an issue influences
    the group during decision making. This influence is primarily
    informational.
    Compliance
    “Compliance” refers to a response, specifically a
    submission, made in reaction to an implicit or explicit
    request.
    Key Points
    •Social psychologists view compliance as a means of social
    influence used to reach goals or attain social or personal
    gains.
    •Group strength, group size, immediacy, and similarity are
    all factors that can influence compliance in an individual.
    Obedience
    Obedience is a form of social influence that occurs when a person
    yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure.
    •Obedience is generally distinguished from compliance (behavior
    influenced by peers) and conformity (behavior intended to match
    that of the majority).
    •Higher levels of perceived prestige and closer proximity to the
    authority figure are associated with increased obedience.
    Deindividuation and lack of expertise in the participants were also
    associated with higher levels of obedience.
    A Definition of Power
    Power
    A capacity that A has to influence
    the behavior of B so that B acts in
    accordance with A’s wishes

    Dependency
    Bs relationship to A when A
    possesses something that B
    requires
    Bases of Power: Formal Power
    Formal Power
    Is established by an individual’s position in an
    organization; conveys the ability to coerce or reward,
    from formal authority, or from control of information

    Coercive Power
    A power base dependent on fear

    Reward Power
    Compliance achieved based on
    the ability to distribute rewards that
    others view as valuable
    Bases of Power: Formal Power (cont’d)
    Legitimate Power
    The power a person receives as a result of
    his or her position in the formal hierarchy of
    an organization
    Bases of Power: Personal Power
    Expert Power
    Influence based on special skills
    or knowledge

    Referent Power
    Influence based on possession
    by an individual of desirable
    resources or personal traits
    Source: Drawing by Leo Cullum in The New Yorker, copyright ©1986 E X H I B I T 14–1
    The New Yorker Magazine. Reprinted by permission.
    Power Tactics- Power bases into behaviors

    Power Tactics Influence Tactics


    Ways in which individuals • Legitimacy
    translate power bases into • Rational persuasion
    specific actions
    • Inspirational appeals
    • Consultation
    • Exchange
    • Personal appeals
    • Ingratiation
    • Pressure
    • Coalitions
    Legitimacy- Relying on one’s authority position or
    stressing that a request is in accordance with
    organizational policies or rules.
    Rational persuasion- Presenting logical arguments
    and factual evidence to demonstrate that a request
    is reasonable.
    Inspirational appeals- Developing emotional
    commitment by appealing to a target’s values,
    needs, hopes , and aspirations.
    Consultation- Increasing the target’s motivation
    and support by involving him or her in deciding
    how the plan or change will be done.
    Exchange- Rewarding the target with benefits or
    favors in exchange for following a request.
    Personal appeals- Asking for compliance based
    on friendship or loyalty.
    Ingratiation- Using flattery, praise, or friendly
    behavior prior to making a request.
    Pressure- Using warnings, repeated demands ,
    and threats.
    Coalitions: Enlisting the aid of other people to
    persuade the target or using the support of others
    as a reason for the target to agree.
    Impact of Power on others
     When orgn. Enviornments are low in procedural
    distributive justice
     When personal stakes are high
     Power leads to focus on self interests,
     Objectify others
     React negatively to threats to their competence
     Leads to overconfident decision making
     But power can motivate towards helping behaviors
     Personality- fit - extraverts – team oriented
    Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in the
    Workplace
    Sexual Harassment
    – Unwelcome advances, requests for sexual favors, and
    other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature
    The Supreme Court test for determining if sexual
    harassment has occurred:
    – Whether comments or behavior
    in a work environment
    “would reasonably be
    perceived, and is
    perceived, as hostile
    or abusive”
    Empowerment increases ones area of influence
    Empowerment – job related Motivation
    Organizational Politics – using power to
    impact decision making

     Actions by individuals that are directed towards the goal


    of furthering their own interest without regard for the
    well-being of others (co-workers, organization, society).

    Political Behavior in organization means:


    Activities that are not required as part of one’s formal
    role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt
    to influence, the distribution of advantages or
    disadvantages within the organization.
    Politics Is in the Eye of the Beholder
    “Political” Label “Effective Management” Label
    1. Blaming others vs. Fixing responsibility
    2. “Kissing up” vs. Developing working relationships
    3. Apple polishing vs. Demonstrating loyalty
    4. Passing the buck vs. Delegating authority
    5. Covering your rear vs. Documenting decisions
    6. Creating conflict vs. Encouraging change and innovation
    7. Forming coalitions vs. Facilitating teamwork
    8. Whistle blowing vs. Improving efficiency
    9. Scheming vs. Planning ahead
    10. Overachieving vs. Competent and capable
    11. Ambitious vs. Career-minded Source: Based on T. C. Krell, M. E.
    Mendenhall, and J. Sendry, “Doing
    12. Opportunistic vs. Astute Research in the Conceptual Morass
    of Organizational Politics,” paper
    13. Cunning vs. Practical-minded presented at the Western Academy of
    Management Conference, Hollywood,
    14. Arrogant vs. Confident CA, April 1987.

    15. Perfectionist vs. Attentive to detail E X H I B I T 13–3


    Reality of Organizational politics
     Its a major aspect of organizational life
     Some managers feel its ethical and necessary

     Oranizations are made up of groups having different


    values, goals and interests leading to conflict-
    allocation of resources ( budgets, space, project
    responsibilities, salary adjustments)
    Criteria for allocation remain open to interpretation
    ???? Ambiguity

    So Can we create apolitical organizations?


    YES/NO
    Factors that Influence Political Behaviors

    E X H I B I T 14-4
    Employee Responses to Organizational
    Politics

    E X H I B I T 14-5
    Chapter Check-up: Power and Politics

    Write down two differences between power


    and leadership. Discuss with a classmate.

    Do all leaders have power? Does everyone with


    power lead others? Discuss.
    Chapter Check-up: Power and Politics

    When you go to work, what three things


    can you do to make people in your
    organization dependent on you? Write
    down your answers on a sheet of paper.

    Discuss your answers with your neighbor. Do you think


    it’s bad to plan how you’ll get power over others?
    Chapter Check-up: Power and Politics

    What is the difference between a power


    tactic and an influence tactic? Discuss
    with a neighbor.
    Contrasting Leadership and Power
     Leadership  Power
    – Focuses on goal – Used as a means for
    achievement achieving goals
    – Requires goal – Requires follower
    compatibility with dependency
    followers – Used to gain lateral
    – Focuses influence and upward influence
    downward – Power tactics for
    – Leadership styles gaining compliance
    and relationships with
    followers
    Steps for Managers to Take to Prevent
    Sexual Harassment
     Make sure a policy against it is in place.
     Ensure that employees will not encounter retaliation if
    they file a complaint.
     Investigate every complaint and include the human
    resource and legal departments.
     Make sure offenders are disciplined or terminated.
     Set up in-house seminars and training.

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