Getting Funding or Financing: Bruce R. Barringer R. Duane Ireland

Chapter 10
Getting Funding
or Financing
Bruce R. Barringer
R. Duane Ireland
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

10-1
Chapter Objectives
1 of 2
1. Explain why most entrepreneurial ventures need to

raise money during their early life.
2. Identify the three sources of personal financing
available to entrepreneurs.
3. Provide examples of how entrepreneurs bootstrap to
raise money or cut costs.
4. Identify the three steps involved in properly
preparing to raise debt or equity financing.
5. Discuss the difference between equity funding and
debt financing.

10-2
Chapter Objectives
2 of 2
6. Explain the role of an elevator speech in attracting

financing for an entrepreneurial venture.
7. Describe the difference between a business angel
and a venture capitalist.
8. Explain why an initial public offering (IPO) is an
important milestone in an entrepreneurial venture.
9. Discuss the SBA Guaranteed Loan Program.
10. Explain the advantages of leasing for an
entrepreneurial venture.
10-3
The Importance of Getting Financing or
Funding
• The Nature of the Funding and Financing Process
– Few people deal with the process of raising investment
capital until they need to raise capital for their own firm.
• As a result, many entrepreneurs go about the task of raising capital
haphazardly because they lack experience in this area.
• Why Most New Ventures Need Funding
– There are three reasons most new ventures need to raise
money during their early life.
• The three reasons are shown on the following slide.

10-4
Why Most New Ventures Need Financing
or Funding

10-5
Alternatives for Raising Money for a
New Venture
Personal Funds Equity Capital
Debt Financing Creative Sources

10-6
Sources of Personal Financing
1 of 2
• Personal Funds
– The vast majority of founders contribute personal funds,
along with sweat equity, to their ventures.
• Sweat equity represents the value of the time and effort that a
founder puts into a new venture.
• Friends and Family
– Friends and family are the second source of funds for many
new ventures.

10-7
Sources of Personal Financing
2 of 2
• Bootstrapping
– A third source of seed money for a new venture is referred
to as bootstrapping.
– Bootstrapping is finding ways to avoid the need for external
financing or funding through creativity, ingenuity,
thriftiness, cost cutting, or any means necessary.
– Many entrepreneurs bootstrap out of necessity.

10-8
Examples of Bootstrapping Methods
Buying used instead of Coordinating purchases Leasing equipment

new equipment with other businesses instead of buying
Obtaining payments in
Minimizing personal Avoiding unnecessary
advance from
expenses expenses
customers
Buying items cheaply but Sharing office space or

prudently via options employees with other Hiring interns
such as eBay businesses

10-9
Preparing to Raise Debt or Equity Financing
1 of 3

10-10
2 of 3
Two Most Common Alternatives
Equity Funding Debt Financing
Means exchanging Is getting a loan

partial ownership in a
firm, usually in the
form of stock, for
funding

10-11
• Equity financing involves the sale of the company's
stock and giving a portion of the ownership of the
company to investors in exchange for cash. ...
For example, an entrepreneur who invests $600,000 in
the startup of a company will initially own all of the
shares of the company.
• Debt financing involves borrowing a fixed sum from a
lender, which is then paid back with interest.
• Equity financing is the sale of a percentage of the
business to an investor, in exchange for capital.

10-12
3 of 3
Matching a New Venture’s Characteristics with the Appropriate Form of
Financing or Funding

10-13
• Leverage is used as a funding source when investing to expand a firm's asset base
and generate returns on risk capital; it is an investment strategy.
• Leverage can also refer to the amount of debt a firm uses to finance assets. If a firm
is described as highly leveraged, the firm has more debt than equity.
• An example of leverage is to financially back up a new company.
An example of leverage is to buy fixed assets, or take money from another company
or individual in the form of a loan that can be used to help generate profits.
• On a balance sheet, equity represents funds contributed by the owners
(stockholders) plus retained earnings or minus the accumulated losses. (2)
Net worth of a person or company computed by subtracting total liabilities
from the total assets.

10-14
Preparing An Elevator Speech
1 of 2
Purpose
• An elevator speech is a brief,
carefully constructed statement
Elevator that outlines the merits of a
business opportunity.
Speech • There are many occasions when a
carefully constructed elevator
speech might come in handy.
• Most elevator speeches are 45
seconds to 2 minutes long.

10-15
• An elevator speech is a clear, brief
message or “commercial” about you. It
communicates who you are, what you're
looking for and how you can benefit a
company or organization. It's typically
about 30 seconds, the time it takes people
to ride from the top to the bottom of a
building in an elevator.

10-16
Preparing an Elevator Speech
2 of 2
Step 1 Describe the opportunity or problem 20 seconds

that needs to be solved.
Step 2 Describe how your product meets the 20 seconds

opportunity or solves the problem.
Step 3 Describe your qualifications. 10 seconds
Step 4 Describe your market. 10 seconds
Total 60 seconds
10-17
Sources of Equity Funding
Venture Capital Business Angels
Initial Public
Offerings

10-18
Business Angels
1 of 2
• Business Angels
– Are individuals who invest their personal capital directly in
start-ups.
– The prototypical business angel is about 50 years old, has
high income and wealth, is well educated, has succeeded as
an entrepreneur, and is interested in the start-up process.
– The number of angel investors in the U.S. has increased
dramatically over the past decade.

10-19
Business Angels
2 of 2
• Business Angels (continued)

– Business angels are valuable because of their willingness to
make relatively small investments.
• These investors generally invest between $10,000 and
$500,000 in a single company.
• Are looking for companies that have the potential to
grow between 30% to 40% per year.
– Business angels are difficult to find.

10-20
• Angel investors are wealthy individuals interested in investing in profitable
companies and earning a return on their investment. Angel investors usually take
between 20 and 50 percent stake in the companies they help.
• Angel investors often invest amounts ranging from $25,000 to
$50,000 in small businesses. For the second round of small
business funding, this is much more rational than going the
venture capital route. Venture capitalists prefer to make very large
investments - in the millions of dollars.

10-21
• Due to the very high failure rate of small
businesses, angel investors and venture
capitalists require an exceedingly high
return on their investments; often, they
require as much as 10 times to 30 times
the amount they invest.
• Three of the most famous companies that
got their starts with angel investing are
Amazon.com, Starbucks, Inc., and Apple.
10-22
Venture Capital
1 of 3
• Venture Capital
– Is money that is invested by venture capital firms in start-
ups and small businesses with exceptional growth
potential.
– There are about 800 venture capital firms in the U.S.
• Venture capital firms are limited partnerships of money managers
who raise money in “funds” to invest in start-ups and growing
firms.
• The funds, or pool of money, are raised from wealthy individuals,
pension plans, university endowments, foreign investors, and
similar sources.
• The investors who invest in venture capital funds are called limited
partners. The venture capitalists are called general partners.

10-23
Venture Capital
2 of 3
• Venture Capital (continued)

– Venture capital firms fund very few entrepreneurial firms
in comparison to business angels.
• Many entrepreneurs get discouraged when they are repeatedly
rejected for venture capital funding, even though they may have an
excellent business plan.
• Venture capitalists are looking for the “home run” and so reject the
majority of the proposals they consider.
• Venture capitalists fund between 3,000 and 4,000 companies per
year, compared to about 62,000 per year for business angels.

10-24
Venture Capital
3 of 3
• Venture Capital (continued)

– An important part of obtaining venture capital funding is
going through the due diligence process.
– Venture capitalists invest money in start-ups in “stages,”
meaning that not all the money that is invested is disbursed
at the same time.
– Some venture capitalists also specialize in certain “stages”
of funding.

10-25
Initial Public Offering
1 of 3
• Initial Public Offering

– An initial public offering (IPO) is a company’s first sale of
stock to the public. When a company goes public, its stock
is traded on one of the major stock exchanges.
– Most entrepreneurial firms that go public trade on the
NASDAQ, which is weighted heavily toward technology,
biotech, and small-company stocks.
– An IPO is an important milestone for a firm. Typically, a
firm is not able to go public until it has demonstrated that it
is viable and has a bright future.

10-26
2 of 3
Reasons that Motivate Firms to Go Public
Reason 1 Reason 2
Is a way to raise equity Raises a firm’s public

capital to fund current profile, making it easier
and future operations. to attract high-quality
customers and business
partners.

10-27
3 of 3
Reasons that Motivate Firms to Go Public
Reason 3 Reason 4
Is a liquidity event that Creates a form of

provides a means for a currency that can be
company’s investors to used to grow the
recoup their company via
investments. acquisitions.

10-28
Sources of Debt Financing
Commercial SBA Guaranteed

Banks Loans

10-29
Commercial Banks
• Banks
– Historically, commercial banks have not been viewed as a
practical source of financing for start-up firms.
– This sentiment is not a knock against banks; it is just that
banks are risk averse, and financing start-ups is a risky
business.
• Banks are interested in firms that have a strong cash flow, low
leverage, audited financials, good management, and a healthy
balance sheet.

10-30
SBA Guaranteed Loans
1 of 2
• The SBA Guaranteed Loan Program

– Approximately 50% of the 9,000 banks in the U.S.
participate in the SBA Guaranteed Loan Program.
– The program operates through private-sector lenders who
provide loans that are guaranteed by the SBA.
– The loans are for small businesses that are not able to
obtain credit elsewhere.
• The 7(A) Loan Guarantee Program
– The most notable SBA program available to small
businesses.

10-31
SBA Guaranteed Loans
2 of 2
• Size and Types of Loans

– Almost all small businesses are eligible to apply for an
SBA guaranteed loan.
– The SBA can guarantee as much as 85% on loans up to
$150,000 and 75% on loans over $150,000.
– An SBA guaranteed loan can be used for almost any
legitimate business purpose.
– Although SBA guaranteed loans are utilized more heavily
by existing small businesses than start-ups, they should not
be dismissed as a possible source of financing.

10-32
Other Sources of Debt Financing
1 of 2
• Vendor Credit
– Also known as trade credit, is when a vendor extends credit
to a business in order to allow the business to buy its
products and/or services up front but defer payment until
later.
• Factoring
– Is a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts
receivable to a third party, called a factor, at a discount in exchange for
cash.

10-33
Other Sources of Debt Financing
2 of 2
• Peer-to-Peer Lending
– Is a financial transaction that occurs directly between
individuals or peers.
– Prosper is the best know peer-to-peer lending network.
• Crowdfunding
– A form of raising money that takes place, usually via the
Internet, where people pool their money to support a start-
up or other initiative, usually in return for some sort of
amenity rather than loan.
– Kickstarter is a popular online crowdfunding platform.

10-34
Creative Sources of Financing or Funding
SBIR and STTR

Leasing
Grant Programs
Other Grant Programs Strategic Partners

10-35
Leasing
1 of 2
• Leasing
– A lease is a written agreement in which the owner of a
piece of property allows an individual or business to use
the property for a specified period of time in exchange for
payments.
– The major advantage of leasing is that it enables a
company to acquire the use of assets with very little or no
down payment.

10-36
Leasing
2 of 2
• Leasing (continued)
– Most leases involve a modest down payment and monthly
payments during the duration of the lease.
– At the end of an equipment lease, the new venture typically
has the option to stop using the equipment, purchase it for
fair market value, or renew the lease.
– Leasing is almost always more expensive than paying cash
for an item, so most entrepreneurs think of leasing as an
alternative to equity or debt financing.

10-37
SBIR and STTR Grants
1 of 4
• SBIR and STTR Programs

– The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and the
Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs are
two important sources of early-stage funding for
technology firms.
– These programs provide cash grants to entrepreneurs who
are working on projects in specific areas.
• The main difference between the SBIR and the STTR programs is
that the STTR program requires the participation of researchers
working at universities or other research institutions.

10-38
2 of 4
• SBIR Program
– The SBIR Program is a competitive grant program that
provides over $1 billion per year to small businesses in
early-stage and development projects.
– Each year, 11 federal departments and agencies are
required by the SBIR to reserve a portion of their R&D
funds for awards to small businesses.
– Guidelines for how to apply for the grants are provided on
each agency’s Web site.

10-39
3 of 4
• SBIR Program (continued)

– The SBIR is a three-phase program, meaning that firms
that qualify have the potential to receive more than one
grant to fund a particular proposal.
– Historically, less than 15% of all Phase I proposals are
funded. The payoff for successful proposals, however, is
high.
• The money is essentially free. It is a grant, meaning that it doesn’t
have to be paid back and no equity in the firm is at stake.
• The small business receiving the grant also retains the rights to any
intellectual property generated as the result of the grant initiative.

10-40
4 of 4
SBIR Three-Phase Grant Program

10-41
Other Grant Programs
• Private Grants
– There are a limited number of grant programs available.
– Getting grants takes a little detective work.
– Granting agencies are low key, and must be sought out.
• Other Government Grants
– The federal government has grant programs beyond the
SBIR and STTR programs.
– The full spectrum of grants available is listed at
www.grants.gov.
– Be careful of grant-related scams.

10-42
• The Small Business
Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small
Business Technology Transfer (STTR)
programs, also known as America's Seed
Fund, are one of the largest sources of
early-stage capital for technology
commercialization in the United States.

10-43
Strategic Partners
1 of 2
• Strategic Partners
– Strategic partners are another source of capital for new
ventures.
– Many partnerships are formed to share the costs of product
or service development, to gain access to particular
resources, or to facilitate speed to market.
– Older established firms benefit by partnering with young
entrepreneurial firms by gaining access to their creative
ideas and entrepreneurial spirit.

10-44
Strategic Partners
2 of 2
• Biotech firms often partner

with large drug companies
to conduct clinical trials and
bring new products to
market.
• The biotech firms benefit by
obtaining funding from their
partners, and the partners
benefit by having additional
products to sell.

10-45
• Starbucks' in-store coffee shops at
Barnes & Nobles bookstores,
• HP and Disney's ultra hi-tech
Mission: SPACE attraction,
• Nokia and Microsoft's
joint partnership agreement to build
Windows Phones.
10-46
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the
United States of America.
Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

publishing as Prentice Hall

10-47

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Chapter 10

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

1. Explain why most entrepreneurial ventures need to

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

6. Explain the role of an elevator speech in attracting

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Personal Funds Equity Capital

Debt Financing Creative Sources

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Buying used instead of Coordinating purchases Leasing equipment

Buying items cheaply but Sharing office space or

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Two Most Common Alternatives

Equity Funding Debt Financing

Means exchanging Is getting a loan

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Step 1 Describe the opportunity or problem 20 seconds

Step 2 Describe how your product meets the 20 seconds

Step 3 Describe your qualifications. 10 seconds

Step 4 Describe your market. 10 seconds

Venture Capital Business Angels

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

• Business Angels (continued)

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

• Venture Capital (continued)

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

• Venture Capital (continued)

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

• Initial Public Offering

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Reasons that Motivate Firms to Go Public

Is a way to raise equity Raises a firm’s public

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Reasons that Motivate Firms to Go Public

Is a liquidity event that Creates a form of

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Commercial SBA Guaranteed

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

• The SBA Guaranteed Loan Program

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

• Size and Types of Loans

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

SBIR and STTR

Other Grant Programs Strategic Partners