Debremarkos University

College of health science

Department of human nutrition

 COURSE: - FOOD CHEMISTRY

Prepared by Instructor: -
Shimelse A.
Lab Safety 1
General lab rules (cont.)
 Avoid working alone in the lab
 If you must work after hours or on weekends:
 make arrangements with others in the building to
check in with you periodically.
 Let someone know you are working alone, and make
arrangements to call and check in periodically.
 avoid conducting hazardous experiments during
this time.
 Do the most hazardous aspects of your work during
regular work hours when there are others present.
2
 General Safety Rules
 Listen to or read instructions carefully
before attempting to do anything.
 Wear safety goggles to protect your
eyes from chemicals, heated
materials, or things that might be able to
shatter.
 Notify your teacher if any spills or
accidents occur.
You should be wear Gloves

3
 General Safety Rules
 After handling chemicals, always wash
your hands with soap and water.
 During lab work, keep your hands away
from your face.
 Tie back long hair.

4
Personal hygiene
 Always remove gloves before leaving the lab.
 Wash well before leaving the lab, even if it’s only
for a short break.
 Use soap and water, not solvents (which may
enhance absorption of the chemical by the skin,
may be toxic, and/or may remove protective oils).
 Wash with mild soap and water immediately
whenever any chemical comes in contact with
your skin. Flush for at least 15 minutes.
 Avoid inhalation of chemicals.
 Do not sniff a chemical in order to identify it. 5
Personal hygiene (cont.)
 No food or drink is allowed in the lab or in
chemical storage areas.
 This includes gum and candy.
 Application of cosmetic products in the lab is not
permitted.
 Use of tobacco products is not permitted in the
lab. Smoking is prohibited in all UAF facilities.
 Never pipet any chemical by mouth.
 Tie long hair back.
 Remove jewelry.
6
Housekeeping

 Keep access to emergency shower and eye

wash clear at all times.
 Test emergency shower and eye wash
weekly to make sure they deliver continuous,
clean, lukewarm water.
 Document the weekly tests.
 Keep work areas free of clutter.

7
Housekeeping (cont.)
 Keep all aisles, stairs, corridors, and
stairwells free of equipment, boxes,
chemicals, and debris.
 Food and drink should never be brought into
a lab.
 To reduce the chance of breakage (and a
contaminated oven), never use a mercury
thermometer in an oven or incubator.

8
Housekeeping (cont.)
 Chemical storage areas should be frequently
monitored.
 Inspect for broken, deteriorating, or leaking containers.
 Ensure that all containers are clearly labeled with the full
name and hazard of the chemical (e.g. “Hydrochloric
acid, corrosive” or “Ethanol, flammable”).
 Store hazardous chemicals and wastes in secondary
containment. Secondary containment capacity must be
110% of the largest container or 10% of the aggregate
volume of all containers, whichever is larger.

9
Housekeeping (cont.)
 Chemicals must be put back into their proper
storage location at the end of the day.
 At the end of a work day, any chemical in an
unlabeled container should be considered a
waste and disposed of appropriately.
 Broken glassware, microscope slides,
Pasteur pipets, etc. must be collected in a
puncture resistant container and labeled with
the words “Broken glass disposal”.
10
Housekeeping (cont.)
 Waste collection containers must be:
 Clearly labeled with the full name(s) [no abbreviations]
of the chemical(s) and the hazard(s) they present.
 Compatible with the chemical.
 Clean and dry.

 Hazardous reactions can occur if even trace

amounts of residues of incompatible chemicals are
mixed.
 Intact, with a lid or cap that can be sealed.
 When waste collection containers are full, fill out an
online Hazardous Waste Pickup Request.
 Don’t know how? Contact EHSRM at 474-6771. 11
Housekeeping (cont.)
 Disposal of empty chemical containers
 Water soluble non-regulated chemicals
 Examples: sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate
 Triple rinse with water, deface label, mark as “Empty”,
discard in regular trash
 Water soluble regulated chemicals:
 Examples: ethanol, formalin, methanol
 Triple rinse with water (collect rinses in waste
container)
 Deface label, mark with “Empty”, discard in regular
trash
12
Housekeeping (cont.)
 Disposal of empty chemical containers
 Non-water soluble chemicals:
 Examples: phenol, oils, some alcohols
 Triple rinse with a solvent that will remove the
chemical, collecting all rinses in a hazardous waste
collection container
 Deface label, label as “Empty”, and dispose in normal
trash

13
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
 General clothing requirements
 Long pants and long-sleeved shirts should be worn while
working with chemicals or with animals.
 Avoid wearing excessively loose or baggy clothing.
 Lab coats and aprons
 Lab coats should be worn while working with chemicals or
animals.
 Chemical-resistant coats are recommended for particularly
hazardous chemicals.
 Full-length rubber, neoprene, or plastic aprons are
recommended when there is a risk of a splash or spill.

14
PPE (cont.)
 Gloves
 Use gloves that are appropriate for the material you are
working with
 Heat-resistant for handling hot items, cryoprotective for
handling liquid nitrogen
 Chemical resistant—material depends on type of chemical
being used
 Consult your supervisor, labratory assistance provides excellent
information
 Understand the limitations of gloves
 Chemicals do break through the material over time—do not
reuse disposable gloves
 Change gloves often
15
PPE (cont.)
 Eye protection
 Use safety glasses when there is a chance of a
small splash to the eyes, such as when opening a
bottle or tube.
 Use safety goggles when using a highly caustic
chemical, or when using large volumes (1 L or
more) of a chemical.
 Use full face shields when working with very large
amounts of hazardous chemicals, or when you
need to protect your entire face (removing items
from liquid nitrogen, using a transilluminator)
16
PPE (cont.)
 Eye protection (cont.)
 Regular prescription eyeglasses are NOT
considered effective eye protection.
 Wear goggles over the glasses or buy prescription
safety glasses.
 Care must be taken when wearing contact lenses
in the lab. Goggles or safety glasses must be
used.

17
PPE (cont.)
 Shoes
 NEVER wear sandals or open-toed shoes in the lab.
 Non-permeable shoes (no open mesh) are preferable.
 Wear low-heeled shoes with non-slip soles.
 If handling large volumes of hazardous chemicals
(corrosives, solvents), wear rubber boots or Tyvek® foot
coverings.
 Respirators and masks
 Animal workers with allergies should wear an N-95 dust
mask when cleaning cages or working in areas were
cleaning activities are occurring
 Use fume hoods to reduce exposure to chemicals
 If you wish to use a respirator, contact EHSRM (474-6771)
for assistance. 18
PPE (cont.)
 Inspection of PPE
 Always inspect your PPE prior to use.
 Look for cracks, holes, weak spots, or obvious signs
of degradation.
 Storage of PPE
 Store PPE away from sources of contamination.
 Keep boxes of gloves away from direct sunlight and
heat, as these can break down the polymers that
make up the gloves.

19
Chemical hazards
 Chemical hazards fall into 4 main categories
 Flammables

 Corrosives

 Reactive chemicals

 Health hazards

20
Chemical hazards
 Some chemicals are not generally regarded as
hazardous under normal conditions of use
 These include chemicals like sodium chloride,
potassium phosphate, sucrose, Tris buffer, glycerol,
etc.
 These chemicals are color-coded green, orange, or
gray.
 These chemicals have a NFPA hazard class rating of
2 or less in any category (health [includes corrosivity],
flammability, reactivity, other [water reactive, oxidizer, etc.])

21
Chemical hazards: flammables
 Classification:
 Class IA: flash point <73 °F, boiling point (bp) 100 °F
 Ethyl ether, pentane
 Class IB: flash point <73 °F, bp >100 °F
 Acetone, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, gasoline
 Class IC (combustible): flash point 73-100 °F
 Butanol, xylene, turpentine
 Class II: flash point 100-140 °F
 Formaldehyde, kerosene
 Maximum container sizes:
 Glass: 500 mL (IA), 1 L (IB) 1 gal. (1C, II)
 Plastic: 1 gal. (IA), 5 gal. (IB, IC, II)
 Safety can: 2 gal. (IA), 5 gal. (IB, IC, II)
22
Chemical hazards: flammables
(cont.)
 Storage and labeling
 Flammables are color-coded red
 DOT hazard class 3
 Must be stored in a flammable cabinet, away
from sources of heat and/or ignition (sparks)

Flammables
Self Reactives
Pyrophorics
Self-Heating
Emits Flammable Gas
Organic Peroxides

23
Chemical hazards: flammables
(cont.)
 Handling
 Never use an open flame to heat flammable
materials.
 Use hot water bath, oil bath, heating mantle,
etc.
 Transfer from 5 gallon containers to smaller
containers in a fume hood or approved flammable
liquid storage room.
 Handle only in areas free of ignition sources.
 Do not transfer Class I flammable liquids in an
exit way. 24
Chemical hazards: corrosives
 Definition:
 Cause rapid erosion and destruction of building
materials or metals
 Burn, irritate, or cause destruction to organic tissues
such as skin, eyes, lungs, and stomach
 DOT hazard class 8
 Know the location and proper use of spill kits in
your lab.
 Never use combustible organic materials (such as
paper, sawdust, or rags) to clean up spills.

25
Chemical hazards: corrosives
 Classification, labeling, and storage:
 Acids
 Are color-coded
 Store liquids and solids in corrosive cabinet,
separate from bases
 Keep below eye level
Corrosives
 Bases
 Are color-coded
 Solids may be stored on shelf in lab, away from other chemicals
and below eye level
 Liquids may be stored in a cabinet, away from acids
 Use secondary containment for liquids
26
Chemical hazards: corrosives
 Handling
 Never pour water into acid. Always add the acid to the
water. Add acid slowly, with stirring.
 Open bottles of acid slowly and carefully.
 Wear PPE (gloves, goggles/shield, apron) to protect against
splashes.
 Conduct all work with concentrated acids and bases in a
chemical fume hood.
 Check location of eyewash and shower prior to
beginning work.
 Some acids require special handling:
 Example: hydrofluoric acid, picric acid, perchloric acid
 Contact with lab assistance.
27
Chemical hazards: corrosives
 Wastes
 Never mix acid wastes with solvents or metal-containing
solutions.
 Never dispose of acids or bases down the drain unless
they have been neutralized.
 Non-contaminated (e.g. free of other hazardous
chemicals) acid wastes may neutralized and then
disposed of down the drain (pH must be between 5
and 10).
 Some exceptions apply. Corrosives that have other
hazardous properties should not be disposed of
down the drain even after neutralization (ex.
hydrofluoric acid, fuming nitric acid, phenol,
perchloric acid, etc.). 28
Chemical hazards: corrosives
 Wastes (cont.)
 Contact lab assistance for
 information regarding neutralization procedures.
 assistance with neutralizing large volumes (>1
gallon or 1 pound) of corrosive solutions or
materials.
 questions or concerns.
 Empty bottles should be triple-rinsed with water
(collect rinse solutions in waste acid container)
before disposal or reuse of the bottle.

29
Chemical hazards: reactives
and oxidizers
 Definition:
 Chemicals which will “vigorously
polymerize, decompose, condense, or
become self-reactive under conditions of
shock, pressure or temperature”
 Chemicals which react violently when Explosive

exposed to air or water

 Oxidizers cause other substances to
burn more easily
 DOT hazard class
Oxidizer
30
Chemical hazards: reactives
 Examples:
 nitrate salts (sodium, potassium, silver)
 perchloric, nitric, and picric acids
 ammonium persulfate
 Storage and handling:
 Reactive chemicals are color coded
 Store away from incompatible materials (consult
SDS for more information).
 Protect from exposure to conditions that would
make the chemical unstable (air, water, heat,
shock, etc.).
31
Chemical hazards: health
 Definition:
 Chemical that causes adverse health effects, whether
short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic)
 Includes toxins, carcinogens, teratogens, mutagens,
poisons, biohazards (infectious agents)
 DOT hazard class 6
 Examples:
 Mercury and other metal compounds, ethidium
bromide, formaldehyde
 Storage:

Health hazards are color coded blue
 Health hazards should be segregated from other
chemicals
32
Chemical hazards: health
(cont.)
 Health Hazard Pictograms

Acute Toxicity (fatal or toxic)

Irritant (skin and eye)

Carcinogen Skin Sensitizer
Mutagenicity Acute Toxicity (harmful)
Reproductive Toxicity Narcotic Effects
Target Organ Toxicity Respiratory Tract Irritant
Aspiration Toxicity Hazardous to Ozone Layer

Biohazard (infectious agents)

33
Chemical hazards: health
(cont.)
 Handling:
 Always wear appropriate gloves and other suitable PPE
when handling health hazards.
 Know the hazards presented by the chemical you are
working with.
 Possible routes of exposure (vary with chemical and
procedure) include: skin absorption, inhalation,
ingestion, injection.
 Symptoms of exposure may be acute and/or delayed
(including chronic effects). Read the SDS! As
assignment???
 Be aware of possible adverse reactions with other
chemicals or conditions (e.g. heat).
34
Physical hazards
 Includes (but not limited to):
 Compressed gases
 Electrical equipment
 Lasers
 Thermal hazards
 Radiation

35
Physical hazards:
Compressed gases
 Compressed gas cylinders must be restrained in an
upright position in the lab.
 Caps must be in place when cylinder is not in use.
 Make sure regulator and supply lines are in good
condition.
 Never use rigid plastic tubing, which can shatter if the pressure
limits are exceeded.
 When turning on the gas
 Ensure that the flow valve is open (so there will be no pressure in
the supply line). Adjust flow valve only after you have opened
the regulator.
 Turn your head away from the tank.

36
Physical hazards:
Electrical equipment
 Always inspect electrical cords prior to use. Do
not use if they are cracked or have exposed
wiring.
 Never use electrical appliances near water.
 Make sure hands are dry when unplugging a
cord.
 Do not overload outlets.
 Avoid excessive use or “daisy chaining” (several
cords strung together) of extension cords.
 Never override the safety features on electrical
equipment. 37
Physical hazards:
Lasers

 If you work with lasers in your lab, your

supervisor must provide you with specific
operating procedures and safety information.
 Laser Safety training is available through
EHSRM.

38
 Physical hazards:
Thermal hazards
 Thermal hazards include both hot and cold objects.
 Hot items:
 Use heat-resistant gloves when handling hot items.
 Use caution when heating liquids on hot plates.
 Use a stir bar or Boil-Eezers to ensure even heating of
the liquids (to prevent superheating and boil-overs)
 Never leave hot plates unattended.
 Bunsen burners
 Inspect tubing prior to using the burner. It should not
have cracks, and should fit tightly to the burner and to
the gas spigot.
 Be alert to gas leaks along the tubing—these can ignite.
 Stand back from the burner when lighting the gas.
39
 Physical hazards:
Thermal hazards (cont.)
 Hot (cont.)
 Autoclaves
 Wear heat-resistant gloves when loading an autoclave.
The inner surfaces of the machine are hot.
 Wear face shield, rubber apron, and heat-resistant
gloves when unloading an autoclave. Liquids can be
superheated, and bottles can explode if jostled.
 Beware of hot water in the bottom of autoclave trays.
 Use deep tubs rather than shallow trays.
 Do not stand in front of the autoclave door while
opening it—stand behind the door to avoid getting
blasted with steam.
 Autoclave safety training is available. Contact your
Chemical Hygiene Officer/Safety coordinator.
40
Physical hazards:
Thermal hazards (cont.)
 Cold
 Ultra cold freezers
 Wear insulated gloves when accessing ultra
cold (-60 to -80 °C) freezers.
 Bare skin can stick to cold surfaces, especially
if fingers are damp (wet).

41
Physical hazards:
Thermal hazards (cont.)
 Cold (cont.)
 Liquid Nitrogen (LN2)
 Wear insulated or cryoprotective gloves when accessing LN2.
 Note: cotton gloves are NOT sufficient. Splashes of LN2 can
easily penetrate the gloves, causing frostbite and serious injury.
 Wear face shield or splash goggles to protect face and/or eyes
from splashes
 Use caution when adding items to LN2. Rapid addition of items
can result in splashes and burns to the face and hands.
 Tubes that have been stored in LN2 should be thawed behind a
shield.
 Sometimes LN2 leaks into the tube during storage. The nitrogen will
rapidly expand upon warming, causing the tube to shatter.
 Liquid Nitrogen training is available.

42
Physical hazards: radiation
 Radioisotope use at UAF includes
both sealed and unsealed sources.
 Sealed: gas chromatographs,
scintillation counters
 Use of radioactive materials requires
Radioactive
prior authorization from the Radiation
Safety Officer.

43
Emergency Response
 Fire
 If your clothing catches on fire, drop and roll to put
out the flames. Immediately notify your supervisor
of the incident.
 Chemical spill on clothing
 Get to the safety shower immediately and remain
there for at least 15 minutes.
 Remove contaminated clothing while in the
shower.
 Notify your supervisor of the incident.
44
Thank
you 45