MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF

MEDICINE
COMMUNITY MEDICINE IV

HEALTH
● INDICES
Measures of Disease Frequency
● Vital Statistical Rates and Ratios
SLIDESMANIA
 OUTLINE
● Measures of Disease Frequency
○ Prevalence
○ Indicidence

● Vital Statistical Rates and Ratios

○ Natality Rates
○ Fertility Rates
○ Mortality Rates
SLIDESMANIA
 Measures of DISEASE
FREQUENCY
Prevalence - Measures existing cases of a
disease at a particular point in time or over a
period of time.

Incidence - Measures new cases of a disease

that develop over a
period of time.
SLIDESMANIA
 TWO TYPES OF PREVALENCE
●

ex. point in time: January 1, 2022

ex. Period of time: whole year of 2021

SLIDESMANIA
 TWO TYPES OF INCIDENCE
● Cumulative incidence - the proportion of a population at risk that
becomes diseased over a specified period of time

● Incidence rate - occurrence of new cases of disease that arise

during person-time of observation
SLIDESMANIA
 Vital Statistical Rates & Ratios
A. Natality Rates
B. Fertility Rates
C. Mortality Rates
SLIDESMANIA
 NATALITY
RATES
Natality measures are population-based
measures of birth. These measures are used
primarily by persons working in the field of
maternal and child health. (CDC, 2006)
SLIDESMANIA
 Natality RATES
Crude Birth Rate

● The number of live births in a given year per 1,000 people alive at
the middle of that year.
● Called crude because the total population is represented
SLIDESMANIA
 Natality RATES
General Fertility Rate

● Is the number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 in a

given year
● Covers most of the female reproductive years and thus represents
the population at greatest risk of giving birth.
SLIDESMANIA
 FERTILITY RATES

The number of live births per 1,000

women of reproductive age (ages 15 to
49 years) per year.
SLIDESMANIA
 Fertility RATES
● Crude Birth Rate
● General Fertility Rate
SLIDESMANIA
 Fertility RATES
Age-specific Fertility Rates
● The number of births to women of a given age group per
1,000 women in that age group.
SLIDESMANIA
 Fertility RATES
Age-specific Fertility Rates
SLIDESMANIA
 Fertility RATES
Total Fertility Rate
● Directly calculated as the sum of age-specific fertility
rates (usually referring to women aged 15 to 49 years), or
five times the sum if data are given in five-year age
groups. (WHO)
SLIDESMANIA
 Fertility RATES
Total Fertility Rate
SLIDESMANIA
 Fertility RATES
Gross Reproduction Rate
● The average number of daughters that would be born alive
to a hypothetical cohort of women if they lived to the end
of their reproductive years and if they experienced the
same age-specific fertility throughout their lives that
women in each age group experience in a given year or
period of years.
SLIDESMANIA
 Fertility RATES
Gross Reproduction Rate

*TFR = Total Fertility Rate

SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality rates
measure of the frequency of
occurrence of death in a defined
population during a specified
interval (CDC)
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Crude Death Rate
● The ratio of the number of deaths occurring within one
year to the mid-year population expressed per 1,000
population (PSA)
● Does not take into account the variations in risks of dying
at particular ages
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Age-specific Mortality Rates
● a mortality rate limited to a particular age group
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Age-specific Mortality Rates
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Cause-specific Mortality Rates
● the number of deaths assigned to a specific cause in a
calendar year
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Cause-specific Mortality Rates
● Example: 137 homicide deaths in New Mexico during
2006. 2,010,787 - estimated 2006 mid-year population.
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES in children
● Infant, Neonatal and Post-neonatal MR
Infant Number of deaths from birth to age one

Neonatal Number of deaths before reaching 28 days of life

Post-neonatal Number of deaths between 28 and 364 days of life

SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES in children
Perinatal Mortality Rate
● Perinatal mortality is defined as the number of fetal
deaths past 22 completed weeks of pregnancy plus the
number of deaths among live-born children up to 7
completed days of life, per 1000 total births.
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES in children
Child Mortality Rate
● The probability of dying between birth and age five,
expressed as the number of deaths below age five per
1,000 live births during a given period.
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Maternal Mortality Rate
● Direct MMR - Deaths resulting from obstetric
complications of the pregnant state and from interventions,
omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events
resulting from any of the above
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Maternal Mortality Rate
● Indirect MMR - Deaths resulting from previous existing
disease or disease that developed during pregnancy and
not due to direct obstetric causes but were aggravated by the
physiologic effects of pregnancy
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Maternal Mortality Rate
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Proportionate Mortality Rate
● Proportionate mortality describes the proportion of deaths in
a specified population over a period of time attributable to
different causes.
● Each cause is expressed as a percentage of all deaths, and the
sum of the causes must add to 100%
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Case Fatality Rate
● Proportion of people who die from a specified disease
among all individuals diagnosed with the disease over a
certain period of time
● Used as a measure of disease severity and is often used for
prognosis
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Case Fatality Rate
● Example: 3,723,014 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the
Philippines and a total of 60,640 has died of COVID-19 in the
Philippines since Jan 2020.
SLIDESMANIA
 Mortality RATES
Swaroop’s Index
● Represents the proportion of deaths among people aged 50
years and over for every 100 total deaths
● A higher value indicates a better health situation.
SLIDESMANIA
 CREDITS

Kriztoffer Kharl D. Banawa

Researcher / Content Finder

Kriztoffer Kharl D. Banawa

Narrator

Kriztoffer Kharl D. Banawa

Video Editor
SLIDESMANIA
 REFERENCES:
● OECD (2022), Fertility rates (indicator). doi: 10.1787/8272fb01-en
● Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online database] Atlanta;
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. [cited 2006 Feb 1].
● Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2004. Hyattsville, MD.; 2004.
● Wise RP, Livengood JR, Berkelman RL, Goodman RA. Methodologic alternatives for measuring premature
mortality. Am J Prev Med 1988;4:268–273.
● Philippines: WHO Coronavirus Disease (2022) retrieved: https://covid19.who.int/region/wpro/country/ph
● Harrington, Rebecca A.. "case fatality rate". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 May. 2020,
https://www.britannica.com/science/case-fatality-rate. Accessed 15 July 2022.
● WHO (2022) Mortality and burden of disease retrieved: https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-
registry/imr-details/4622
● Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition. An Introduction to Applied
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
● Swaroop, S. & Uemura, K. (1957). Proportional mortality of 50 years and above. Bulletin of the
World Health Organization, 17 (3), 439 - 481.
SLIDESMANIA