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T Test

The document provides information about t-tests, including when to use them, the different types of t-tests, and how to perform them. It explains that t-tests are used to compare the means of two groups and test hypotheses about differences between population means. The types of t-tests covered are one-sample, two-sample, and paired t-tests. It also discusses testing for equal or unequal variances and one-tailed versus two-tailed tests. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate a t-test by hand and how to interpret the results based on the t-statistic and p-value.

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Rohit Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
151 views

T Test

The document provides information about t-tests, including when to use them, the different types of t-tests, and how to perform them. It explains that t-tests are used to compare the means of two groups and test hypotheses about differences between population means. The types of t-tests covered are one-sample, two-sample, and paired t-tests. It also discusses testing for equal or unequal variances and one-tailed versus two-tailed tests. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate a t-test by hand and how to interpret the results based on the t-statistic and p-value.

Uploaded by

Rohit Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTITUTE: UIE (AIT-CSE)

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS


CST-229

Lecture – 3.11 and 3.12

TOPIC: T TEST
Prepared by :Dr. Archana Sharma

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER


1
Course
Objectives
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 To recall the basic concept and formulae of


probability and statistics
CO2 To understand the ideas and classify the
different probability distributions based on
different events.
CO3 To acquire knowledge on various techniques Remember
of Probability and Statistics to analyze the  
behavior of a distribution based on data
available.

CO4 To acquire knowledge on the broad Understand


perspective of probability theory.  

CO5 To acquire knowledge on various discrete and Understand


continuous distributions along with their
properties.
2
Course Outcomes

After doing this course student will be able to:

Formulate a statistical problem in mathematical terms


from a real-life situation.

Select an appropriate distribution for analyzing data specific to


an experiment.

Apply statistical hypothesis in general and in practice.

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An introduction to t-tests

• A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups. It


is often used in hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or
treatment actually has an effect on the population of interest, or whether two
groups are different from one another.
• You want to know whether the mean petal length of iris flowers differs
according to their species. You find two different species of irises growing in a
garden and measure 25 petals of each species. You can test the difference
between these two groups using a t-test.
• The null hypothesis (H0) is that the true difference between these group
means is zero.
• The alternate hypothesis (Ha) is that the true difference is different from zero.
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Topics to be covered
• Table of contents
• When to use a t-test
• What type of t-test should I use?
• Performing a t-test
• Interpreting test results
• Presenting the results of a t-test
• Frequently asked questions about t-tests

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When to use a t-test

• A t-test can only be used when comparing the means of two groups (a.k.a. pairwise
comparison). If you want to compare more than two groups, or if you want to do
multiple pairwise comparisons, use an ANOVA test or a post-hoc test.
• The t-test is a parametric test of difference, meaning that it makes the same assumptions
about your data as other parametric tests. The t-test assumes your data:
• are independent
• are (approximately) normally distributed.
• have a similar amount of variance within each group being compared (a.k.a.
homogeneity of variance)
• If your data do not fit these assumptions, you can try a nonparametric alternative to the
t-test, such as the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test for data with unequal variances.
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ABOUT t - test
• What type of t-test should I use?
• When choosing a t-test, you will need to consider two things: whether the groups
being compared come from a single population or two different populations, and
whether you want to test the difference in a specific direction.
• One-sample, two-sample, or paired t-test?
• If the groups come from a single population (e.g. measuring before and after an
experimental treatment), perform a paired t-test.
• If the groups come from two different populations (e.g. two different species, or
people from two separate cities), perform a two-sample t-test (a.k.a. independent t-
test).
• If there is one group being compared against a standard value (e.g. comparing the
acidity of a liquid to a neutral pH of 7), perform a one-sample t-test.
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One-tailed or two-tailed t-test?

• If you only care whether the two populations are different from one
another, perform a two-tailed t-test.
• If you want to know whether one population mean is greater than or
less than the other, perform a one-tailed t-test.
• In your test of whether petal length differs by species:
• Your observations come from two separate populations (separate
species), so you perform a two-sample t-test.
• You don’t care about the direction of the difference, only whether
there is a difference, so you choose to use a two-tailed t-test.

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Performing a t-test
• The t-test estimates the true difference between two group means using the ratio of the
difference in group means over the pooled standard error of both groups. You can calculate it
manually using a formula, or use statistical analysis software.

Students’s t test – paired and independent t test

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continue

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( or) if tcal> ttab

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The value of

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Test for equality of two means (Independent Samples)
• Given two sets of sample observation x11,x12,x13…x1n . Similarly x21,x22,x23…x2n of sizes n1 and n2 from the normal
population. 1. Using F-Test , test their variances
• (i)Variances are Equal:
• Ho:., µ1=µ2
• H1 µ1≠µ2 (or µ1<µ2or µ1>µ2)

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Variances are equal

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We conclude that the medicines A and also B do not differ
significantly.

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Example 3: The summary of the results of an yield trial on onion with two methods of propagation is given
below. Determine whether the methods differ with regard to onion yield. The onion yield is given in Kg/plot.

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continue

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THANK YOU

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