Rig I n t r o d u c t i o n t o w e l l drilli ng

Components We ll

Drilling

Eng Dana Mohammad

 Land rig classification
onshore drilling rigs fall into four groups:

1 Light rigs, down to 2,000 m

2 Medium rigs, to 4,000 m

3 Heavy rigs, to 6,000 m

4 Ultra-heavy rigs for greater

depths

Increasing capacity is matched by increasing both maximum hook

load capacity and derrick strength.
 Land rig classification
Another criterion for classification is the power installed on the rig, which for
oil well drilling is in the range of at least 10 HP every 100 feet in depth

1 Light rigs, up to 650 HP

2 medium rigs, up to 1,300 HP

3 heavy rigs, up to 2,000 HP

4 ultra-heavy rigs, 3,000 HP and more.

Main Rig systems
components

1 Hoisting Mud 4
System Circulating
System

2 Rotary Power 5
System System

Drill string Blowout

3
handling Prevention 6
equipment System
1. Hoisting
System
R ig c o m po ne nt s
 1. Hoisting
Function System
The hoisting system is the set of equipment necessary to lower or raise drill
strings, casing string and other subsurface equipment into or out of hole.

Principal Components:

I. Derrick and
substructure
II. Crown block
III. Travelling block
IV. Draw works
V. Drilling line Eng. Elsayed
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Eng. Elsayed
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Eng. Elsayed
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Hoisting 1 Crown Block

2 Deadline

System 3 Wireline
5 Traveling Block
Fast Line 4
6 Pipe
elevators
7 Deadline Anchor
Drawworks 11

9 6

9 Drum 7 8 Storage Reel

10 Drum Brake Eng. Elsayed
 1. Hoisting
1. Substructure System
 The substructure is the supporting base
for the derrick, the draw works and the
rotary table, and constitutes the
working floor for operations, or drilling
floor, being elevated with respect to
ground level. The substructure is a
reticular structure of steel beams, that
can easily be dismantled, and rests on
concrete foundations or on a base of
wooden planks around the cellar.
 Its height varies from a few meters up
to
10 m in the largest
rigs Eng. Elsayed
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Eng. Elsayed
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 1. Hoisting
2. Derrick System
 The derrick is an open-framework structure of steel beams, whose function is to
hold the ensemble of sheaves at its top, known as the crown block, on which all
of the items of equipment operated in the well or on the drilling floor are
suspended.

 the height of the derrick must be such as to permit the vertical movement of the
travelling block for a distance greater than the equivalent of one stand. For
example, to handle a stand of 3 drill pipes (about 27 m long) the derrick has to be
about 40 m high. The derrick is designed to resist the loads tripped in and out of
the well in the operating phases, which induce both static and dynamic stresses.

 Every derrick has a rated load capacity, defined by API (American Petroleum
Institute) standards, which establish the maximum hook load
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 1. Hoisting
Derrick System
1 Conventional 2 Mast
derrick

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Eng. Elsayed
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 1. Hoisting
3. Crown block System
 An assembly of sheaves mounted on
beams at the top of the derrick/mast
and over which the drilling line is
reeved.
 The crown block bears the load applied
at the hook and its function is to
reduce the wire rope tension required
to pull the tubular material used to
drill the well. It at the top of the rig
consists of a set of sheaves (usually
from 3 to 7) supported by a
framework of steel beams.

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Eng. Elsayed
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 1. Hoisting
4. travelling block System
 consists of another set of sheaves (one
fewer than for the crown block),
mounted on an axis connected to the
hook.
 The number of sheaves in the crown
and travelling block is chosen on the
basis of the rated capacity of the
tower and the rate of pulling, which
is inversely proportional to the
number of lines of wire rope
connecting the travelling block and
the crown block

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Eng. Elsayed
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 1. Hoisting
5. Hook System
 The high-capacity J-shaped equipment
used to hang various other
equipment, particularly the swivel and
Kelly, the elevator bails or top drive
units. The hook is attached to the
bottom of the traveling block and
provides a way to pick up heavy loads
with the traveling block. The hook is
either locked (the normal condition)
or free to rotate, so that it may be
mated or decoupled with items
positioned around the rig floor, not
limited to a single direction.
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 1. Hoisting
6. Draw works System
 The drawworks is the machine that transmits the power to operate the equipment
in the well. The basic components of the drawworks are an engine, one or more
drums containing a steel cable, and the brakes

 The main brake is a strongly-built, band brake, used to stop the drill string as
it is being lowered, or to release it slowly during drilling.

 Normally a hydraulic brake and an electromagnetic brake are used, although

these cannot stop the hoisting drum completely and they cannot be
used alone.

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Eng. Elsayed
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DRAWORKS RATED POWER HOOK LOAD CAPACITY (tons)
HP (kW) CONVENTIONAL RIGS MOBILE RIGS

150 (110) 60
200 (147) 75
250 (184) 80
300 (220) 90-100
500 (368) 125
700 (515) 180 180
1000 (735) 220 220
1500 (1100) 360
2000 (1470) 500
3000 (2200) 750
4000 (2940) 1000
5000 (3728) 1500
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 1. Hoisting
7. Drilling Line System
 The drilling line contained in the hoist drums consists of helically-wound steel-wire
strands around a plastic, vegetable fiber or steel core.
 The first end of the drilling line (fast line) is wound around the hoist drum, after
which it passes alternately over the sheaves of the travelling block and of the
crown block, while the other end (dead line) is anchored to an element of the
substructure.
 The tension of the line is measured on this anchorage, and this makes it possible
to calculate the weight of the equipment suspended from the hook (e.g. drill
string, casing, etc.). Through being wound around the drum and over the block
sheaves, the line is subject to wear and tear, to weakening of the wires (due to
local overheating) and to fatigue due to cyclical variations of tension in the
winding over the sheaves and the drum.

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 1. Hoisting
7. Drilling Line System
 One method of assessing the state of
wear and tear of the drilling line is
visual inspection, but this is uncommon
because of the uncertainty involved,
the practical difficulties and the time
required.
 slipping and cutoff, is performed when
a given value of the work
carried out by line has
the reached. been

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 1. Hoisting
7. Drilling Line System

Types of Wire Rope Lay

Right Lang Lay

Left Lang Lay

Right Regular Lay

Left Regular Lay

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 1. Hoisting
7. Drilling Line System
Type of Wire Rope Construction

Shallow: 1” to 1-1/8” diameter

Deep: 1-1/4” to 2” diameter

Contruction: 6 x 19 S or 6 x 21 S or 6 x 25 FW, RRL, IPS or EIP,

IWRC

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 6 X 7 with 6 X 19W with 6 X 19S with 6 X 19 with
fiber fiber core fiber core IWR core
core

6 X 21 6 X 25 6 X 25 6 X 25
Filler Wire Filler Wire Filler Wire Seal with
with fiber with fiber with IWR IWR
core core core core

6 X 27 6 X 31
Seal with Seal with
IWR IWR
core core

IWR = Independent Wire Rope Eng. Elsayed

Eng. Elsayed
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 1. Hoisting
8. cathead System
 The cathead is used to lift heavy
objects and to pull on the tongs
when making up the drill pipe

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 1. Hoisting
9. air hoist System
 Anair hoist or tugger is a
safer way to lift heavy objects

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 1. Hoisting
10. Drill line spool System
The drilling line is stored on a spool
Periodically, some of the drilling
line is cut off at the drawworks
and additional line is pulled off the
spool to replace the cut line

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 1. Hoisting
10. Deal line anchor System
The “dead line” is anchored in
the substructure
The anchor is on the spool side

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2. Rotating
System
R ig c o m po ne nt s

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 2. Rotary
Function System
The system of rotation is intended to cause the drill string to
rotate.
Principal Components:

1. The rotary table

2. Kelly or Top Drive

3. Kelly Bushing

4. Master Bushing

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 Swivel
Kelly

Kelly Bushing
K.B. Elevation
Rotary Table

Drill Pipe

Drill Collars

Bit
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 2. Rotary
1. Top drive System
 The top drive is a relatively recent piece of
equipment, introduced towards the mid-1980s,
grouping together in a single unit the equipment
for connecting the drill pipes, rotation of the drill
string and circulation of the fluid
 The top drive unit is suspended from the hook
and is guided by two vertical rails fixed to the
derrick, which provide the reactive torque
necessary to prevent the rotation of the whole
complex and to allow free vertical movement.

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 2. Rotary
1. Top drive System
the use of the top drive instead of the rotary table offers numerous advantages, including:
possibility of ‘drilling by stands’ (adding the pipes by stands, and not individually), allowing
1
greater control of drilling.

the reduction of the time required to connect the pipes, with less risk of accidents for drilling
2 operators
the possibility of performing the trip-out operation while circulating mud and rotating the
3 string (back reaming), impossible with the rotary table and useful for preventing the drill
string from becoming stuck

4 the possibility of obtaining longer cores, as intermediate connections are eliminated.

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 To
drive
p

‘A’
frame

Guide

rails

Rig floor Eng. Elsayed

Drill pipe
Amer
 2. Rotary
2. swivel System
 The rotary tool that is hung
from the hook of the traveling
block to suspend the drillstring
and permit it to rotate freely.
 It also provide connection for
the rotary hose and provide
passageway for the flow of
drilling fluid into the drill stem.

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 2. Rotary
3. Kelly System
 The Kelly is a pipe of square or
hexagonal section that transmits
the motion of the rotary table
to the drill string.
 It receives this motion from the
Kelly bushing, which
to joined it is a
through so that it sliding
coupling, can
move vertically.

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Eng. Elsayed
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 2. Rotary
4. Kelly Bushing System
A device that when fitted to master bushing transmits torque to the
Kelly
and simultaneously permits vertical movement of the Kelly to make
hole.

Type HDP Type HDS Type MDS

Heavy Duty fits 23” through 49-1/2” Heavy Duty for Square Drive Medium Duty for Square Rotary Table
Rotary Table Rotary Tables

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Eng. Elsayed
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 2. Rotary
5. Master Bushing System
A device that fits into the rotary table to accommodate the slips and drive the kelly bushing so
that the
rotating motion of the rotary table can be transmitted to the Kelly.

Type MSPC Type MPCH Type MSPC Type MBSS

Fits 20-1/2” to 27-1/2” Fits 37-1/2” to 49-1/2” Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2” Fits 17-1/2” to 27-1/2”
Rotary Tables Rotary Tables Rotary Tables Rotary Tables

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 2. Rotary
6. Rotary table System
 The rotary table makes the drill
string and supports its
rotate during or
weight the
during operations
connection of a new
drill pipe, it cannot
when by the
borne be
hook

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Eng. Elsayed Amer
3. Tubular and
Tubular Handling
Equipment
R i g c o m po ne n t

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 Drill
string

The drill string is an assemblage of hollow pipes of circular

section, extending from the surface to the bottom of the hole.
It has three functions:
 it takes the drilling bit to the bottom of the hole,
while transmitting its rotation and its vertical
load to it.
 It permits the circulation of the drilling fluid to
the bottom of the hole.
 it guides and controls the trajectory of the hole.

Eng. Elsayed Amer

 Dril
string
a) Drill Pipe

 The drill pipes are hollow steel

pipes of various types, with two
tool joints welded at their ends.
 They are standardized according
to API standards and classified on
the basis of their length (usually
about 9 m), their outside
diameter, their linear weight and
their steel grade.
 The most common drill pipes are
the following: 3.50'' (13.30 lb/ft),
4.50'‘ (16.60 lb/ft) and 5'' (19.50
lb/ft),
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 Dril
string
a) Drill Pipe

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 Dril
string
a) Drill Pipe

TENSILE
REQUIREMENTS

RANGE
LENGHTS

TOLERANCE
S

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 Dril
string
a) Drill Pipe

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Eng. Elsayed
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 Dril
string
b) Heavy Weight Drill pipe

 To avoid the danger of breaks in the drill

string, a short stretch of intermediate heavy-
wall or heavy-weight drill pipes is inserted.

Eng. Elsayed Amer

 Dril
string
b) Heavy Weight Drill pipe

 Similar in appearance to a drill pipe, HWDP has the

following different dimensional characteristics; the tube
wall is heavier about 1”thick in most sizes, the tool joints
are longer, and the tube section has a larger diameter
at mid length to protect the pipe from wear.

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Eng. Elsayed Amer
 Dril
string
C) Drill Collar

 The heavy, thick-walled tube steel, used

between the drill pipe and the bit in the drill
stem to provide pendulum effect to the drill
stem and to provide weight on bit.

Drillpipe

Drill collar

An 8” OD drill collar
weighs
150 lbs/ft or 4500 lbs each

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 Dril
string
C) Drill Collar

The drill collars have a thick wall, are made out of solid steel bars, rounded
externally, bored on the inside and with threaded ends directly on the body,
with threading analogous to that used for ordinary pipes.
The drill collars are 9 to 13 m in length and their outside diameter is between
3.125'' and 14''.
They are also standardized (API), with the most common diameters being
9.50'', 8'' and 6.50''.
Drill collars made of nonmagnetic steel also exist, and are used in directional
drilling so as not to influence the sensors that measure
the earth’s magnetic field.
They are manufactured with stainless steels (alloys of K-Monel type) or with
chrome-manganese steel alloys.
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 Dril
string
D) Sub

 A short, threaded piece of pipe used to adapt parts of the

drilling string that cannot otherwise be screwed together
because of difference in thread size or design.
 These consist of:

1. Bit Sub

2. Crossover Sub

3. Kelly Saver Sub

4. Lifting Sub

5. Bent Sub

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 Dril
string
D) Sub

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 Dril
string
D) Sub

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 Dril
string
Tubular Handling Equipment
Equipment used to move, make and break connection, suspend tubular on
the
rig. These include the following:

1. Elevator Links 7. Safety Clamp

2. Elevator 8. Tongs

3. Lifting Subs 9. Kelly Spinner

4. Lifting Plug 10. Drillpipe Spinner

5. Tugger/Winch 11. Iron Roughneck

6. Slips 12. Bit Breaker

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 1. Elevator
Links

Equipment attached onto the Traveling

Block
in order to suspend the Elevators.

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 2.
Elevator

Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing,

drillpipe or drill collars so that the stand or
joint can be raised from or lowered into the
hole opening of the rotary table.

Eng. d Amer
Elsaye
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 2.
Elevator

Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing, drill

pipe or drill collars so that the stand or joint
can be raised from or lowered into the hole
opening of the rotary table.

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Eng. Elsayed Amer
Eng. Elsayed Amer
 2.
Slips

Slips for hanging the string on rotary table:

A, drill pipe suspended inside the rotary table; B, close-up of pipe-
slips

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 2.
Slips

Drill collar Slips Drill Pipe Slips

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 2.
Slips

Casing slips

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 3. Safety
clamp

The are used on tubular above the slips to prevent dropping the string
should the slips fail to hold.

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 3. Safety
clamp

The are used on tubular above the slips to prevent dropping the string
should
the slips fail to hold.

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 4. Rig
tong

Used to make up and brake down drill

string.

Make up Tong Breakout Tong

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 4. Rig
tong

Used to make up and brake down drill

string.

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 5. Drillpipe
Spinner
A pneumatically operated device usually suspended
on the rig floor used to make fast connections and
spin off of drill pipes.

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 5. Drillpipe
Spinner
A pneumatically operated device usually suspended
on the rig floor used to make fast connections and
spin off of drill pipes.

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 6. Bit
breaker
A device that is placed on top of the rotary table
to enable the bit to be made up to drill string.

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4. Mud
Circulation
System
R i gc o m p o n e n t s

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 3. Mud Circulation
Function System
A major function of the fluid circulating system is to remove the rock cuttings from
the hole as the drilling progresses
Principal Components:

1. Mud Pump 7. Return Line

2. Pump Manifold 8. Shale Shaker

3. Standpipe 9. Desander

4. Swivel 10. Desilter

5. Drillstring 11. Degasser

6. Annulus 12. Mud Pit

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Eng. Elsayed
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 4. Mud Circulation
1. Mud pumps System
 A large, high-pressure reciprocating
pump used to circulated the mud on
a drilling rig.
 with 2 or 3 pistons (duplex or triplex
pumps), may be single – or dual
acting, and receive their power from
an electric motor independent from
other uses.

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 4. Mud Circulation
1. Mud pumps System

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 4. Mud Circulation
1. Mud pumps System

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Eng. Elsayed
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 4. Mud Circulation
2. Stand pipe manifold System
 Divert Mud flow to kill
lines in case of kill or
lost circulation

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 4. Mud Circulation
3. Stand Pipe System
The vertical pipe rising along the side of the
Derrick or Mast, which joins mud pump
manifold to the rotary hose.

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Eng. Elsayed
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 4. Mud Circulation
6. Rotary hose System
 A large-diameter to 5-
inside
(3- diameter), high-pressure
in.
flexible line used to connect the
standpipe to the swivel. This
flexible piping arrangement
permits the kelly (and, in turn,
the drillstring and bit) to be
raised or lowered while drilling
fluid is pumped through the
drillstring. The simultaneous
lowering of the drillstring while
pumping fluid is critical to the
drilling operation.
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 4. Mud Circulation
7. Mud return System
The passageway of the drilling
fluid as it comes out of the
well.

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 4. Mud Circulation
8. Shale Shaker System
From mud
An equipment the uses a return line
vibrating screen
remove cuttings from the
to
circulating fluid in rotary POSSUM
BELLY
drilling operations.

Vibrator motor Shale shaker

Screens

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Eng. Elsayed
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 4. Mud Circulation
9. Desander System
A device
centrifugalsandfor
removing from the
drilling fluid to prevent
abrasion of the pumps.

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 4. Mud Circulation
10. Desilter System
Also a centrifugal device for
removing free particles of silt
from the drilling fluid to
keep the amount of solids in
the fluid at the lowest
possible point.

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Eng. Elsayed
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 4. Mud Circulation
10. Degasser System

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 4. Mud Circulation
System
11. Mud Gas Separator

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 4. Mud Circulation
12.Reserve Pit System
A waste pit, usually an
excavated earthen-walled pit.

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Eng. Elsayed
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Eng. Elsayed
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Eng. Elsayed
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 Mud Circulating System:

Hose
15
17 16
Kell
y
Stand 1

pipe BOP 14
Annulus 2 13
3
Drillpipes 12
Drill collars 4
11
Drill bit
Return line
Shale
shaker 5
Seprator 6
Desilter
Mud mixer 7
Mud tanks 8 9 10

Mud-mixing
Shake Eng. Elsayed
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Mud pumps
Circulatio
n System Standpipe Swivel

Mud Rotary hose

pump
Kelly
Mud Discharge
House Mud return
line
Chemical tank Drill pipe

Annulus
Shale
shaker
Drill Collar
Mud pit
Borehole
Shaleslide
Reserve
pit Bit
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Eng. Elsayed
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5. Power
R i g c om pon

system
e nt s

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 5. Power
system
 In a drilling site power is needed to run the Rig component

machines driving the main components of

the rig, such as the drawworks, the pumps,
the rotary table and the engines of the
various auxiliary facilities (compressed air,
safety systems, centrifugal pumps, lighting,
services, etc.)

 Internal combustion engine or a turbine that

is the source of power for driving equipment
on the Rig.

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Eng. Elsayed
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 5. Power
SCR system
Rig component

 Power and electrical control

room

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 5. Power
Diesel Tank system
Rig component

 Fuel tank for

generator

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Eng. Elsayed
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6.Blowout
Prevention System
R i g c o m po ne nt s

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 6. 6.Blowout Prevention
Function System
The function of the well control system is to prevent the uncontrolled flow of
formation fluids from the wellbore .
Principal Components:

1. Annular Blowout Preventer

2. Ram Blowout Preventer

3. Diverter

4. Drilling Spools

5. Manifold, Valves and Sensors

6. Accumulator

7. Inside BOP
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 BOP
Bell nipple
Flow line
Fill line
Annular
preventer
Pipe ram
Shear/blind ram
Kill line Choke

Pipe ram Drilling spool

BOP riser
Emergency kill line Emergency choke
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 6. BOP
Rig component

BOP

 Blow Out Preventers (BOPs), are large

valves located on the wellhead during
drilling operations ,able to fully shut-in
the well in just a few tens of seconds,
whatever the working conditions.
 BOP stack consists, starting from below,
of:
1. one or more spools for
connection to the wellhead
2. a dual function ram preventer
3. a single-function ram preventer
4. an annular blowout preventer
5. a lateral tube which conveys the
outgoing mud from the well to
the shaker. Eng. Elsayed
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 6. BOP
Rig component

BOP

As per ram numbers As per ram shape

Double

e
Terribl
Single

Blind

Pipe

Shearing

e
Variabl
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 6. BOP
Rig component

2- Choke manifold

 The arrangement of piping and special

valves, called chokes, through which
drilling mud is circulated when the
blowout preventers are closed to control
the pressures encountered during a kick.

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 6. BOP
Rig component

3- accumulator

 The storage device for nitrogen

pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is used
in operating the blowout preventers.

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 6. BOP
Rig component

4. Diverter System

 The diverter is a low

large, preventer equipped
annular pressure,
with large
bore discharge flowlines. This type of BOP
is generally used when drilling at shallow
depths below the conductor.

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 BOP
As per ram numbers As per ram shape

Double

Terrible
Single

Blind

Pipe

Shearing

e
Variabl
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 Sino Tharwa Drilling Company
ST 4 Rated Drilling Depth Mud Tanks
2000 hp drilling rig
20,000 ft. with 5” drill Total number 6 tanks
pipe. Total capacity 2250 bbl

Derrick Power Supply

Static load capacity 1,000,000 lb
Height 149 ft 3 ea. Engine Cat 3512 B

Draw Works Well Control Equipment

2000 hp • 21 ¼” x 2000 psi diverter system

drilling line 1 1/2” • 13 5/8” annular preventer 5000 psi.
• 13 5/8” double ram preventer 10000 psi.
Hook load • 13 5/8” single ram preventer 10000 psi
Rated capacity 1,000,000 • Accumulator unit 3000 psi working
lb pressure with 210 gallon capacity & 20
bottle installed
Rotary Table
Max. Opening 37-1/2”
Safety Equipment
Height 29.5 ft
As required by regulations

Mud Pumps Camp

Two Triplex
To accommodate 80 person
1600 hp Rated input power
5000 psi working pressure Eng. Elsayed
Amer
Drilling Time & Cost
Impact
Original Design Cost Benefit
Section Time Savings Dayrate Cost
Lengths (Days) ($70k / day) Casing Cost Cement Cost Total Cost
26" Hole 1500 Base Case $ - $ $ $
81,000.00 41,000.00 122,000.00
16" Hole 6445 Base Case $ - $ $ 118,000.00 $
278,075.00 396,075.00
14" Hole 4740 Base Case $ - $ $ 110,000.00 $
378,000.00 488,000.00
12 1/4" Hole 2315 Base Case $ - $ $ 106,000.00 $
465,000.00 571,000.00
8 1/2" Hole 3430 Base Case $ - $ - $ - $ -
Total Depth 18430 Base Case $ - $ 1,202,075.00 $ 375,000.00 $1,577,075.00

Revised Design Cost Benefit

Section Time Savings Dayrate Cost
Lengths (Days) ($70k / day) Casing Cost Cement Cost Total Cost
26" Hole 1500 0.00 $0.00 $ $ $
81,000.00 41,000.00 122,000.00
16" Hole 6855 0.57 $39,861.11 $ $ 125,506.59 $
292,425.00 457,792.71
14" Hole Estimated(1.83)
4081 Total Savings =
($128,138.89) $$149,307.67 $ $
328,575.00 94,706.75 295,142.86
Eng. Elsayed
12 1/4" Hole 2303 (0.03) ($2,333.33) $
Amer $ 105,450.54 $