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    Birth and Growth of Social Sciences

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    Jomar Z. Batocabe
    The document summarizes the historical background and growth of social sciences. It traces how social and political philosophies were originally based on theological reasoning but later shifted to empirical observation and scientific methods. Key developments included the scientific revolution, secularization of learning, and rise of universities, which led to fields like sociology, anthropology, and political science emerging as distinct social science disciplines in response to modern social changes.

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    Birth and Growth of Social Sciences

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    Jomar Z. Batocabe
    19 views27 pages
    The document summarizes the historical background and growth of social sciences. It traces how social and political philosophies were originally based on theological reasoning but later shifted to empirical observation and scientific methods. Key developments included the scientific revolution, secularization of learning, and rise of universities, which led to fields like sociology, anthropology, and political science emerging as distinct social science disciplines in response to modern social changes.

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    The document summarizes the historical background and growth of social sciences. It traces how social and political philosophies were originally based on theological reasoning but later shifted to empirical observation and scientific methods. Key developments included the scientific revolution, secularization of learning, and rise of universities, which led to fields like sociology, anthropology, and political science emerging as distinct social science disciplines in response to modern social changes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views27 pages

    Birth and Growth of Social Sciences

    Uploaded by

    Jomar Z. Batocabe
    The document summarizes the historical background and growth of social sciences. It traces how social and political philosophies were originally based on theological reasoning but later shifted to empirical observation and scientific methods. Key developments included the scientific revolution, secularization of learning, and rise of universities, which led to fields like sociology, anthropology, and political science emerging as distinct social science disciplines in response to modern social changes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    Birth and Growth

    of Social Sciences

    Prepared by: Sir Jomar Z. Batocabe LPT


    The Historical Background of the Growth of
    Social Sciences

    Greek
    Philosophers

    Socrates Plato Aristotle


    • Before the birth of modern
    social sciences in the West,
    the study of society,
    culture, and politics were
    based on social and
    political philosophy. • In return, social and
    political philosophies were
    informed by theological
    reasoning grounded in
    Revelation based on the
    Bible.
    Philosophy Distinct Theology

    Science

    Analytic understanding of nature of truth

    Nature
    “What is the Nature of Truth” “How do we know what we know?”
    SCIENCE • Based on empirical data,
    tested theories, and
    carefully contrived
    observations.

    • Seeks to discover the


    truth about specific
    causes of events and
    happenings in the
    natural world
    Development of Social Sciences
    SCIENCE HUMANITIES
    PURE SCIENCE VISUAL ARTS
    APPLIED SCIENCE PERFORMING ARTS

    SOCIAL SCIENCE RELIGION


    LAW
    LINGUISTICS
    HISTORY
    UNPRECEDENTED GROWTH OF SCIENCE

    Scientific Revolution
    • Nicolaus Copernicus
    • Refers to historical changes
    in thought and belief, to
    changes in social and
    institutional organization,
    that unfolded in Europe
    ISAAC NEWTON

    • Proposed universal laws


    of motion and
    mechanical model of the
    universe.
    • Laid the foundation that
    allowed science and
    technology to change the
    world.
    • Discover gravity
    FRANCIS BACON

    • Established supremacy of
    reason over imagination.
    Rene Descartes

    • French philosopher,
    mathematician, and writer
    who considered the father of
    mother philosophy.
    • Advocated the use of
    rigorous philosophical
    analysis to arrive the truth
    rather than basing them on
    dogmas.
    Secularization of
    Learning • Modern period marked the
    growing triumph of scientific
    method over religious dogma
    and technological thinking.

    • The triumph of reason and


    science over dogma and
    religious authority began
    with reformation.
    Martin Luther

    • Organized the protestant


    movement and eroded the
    power of the Roman Catholic
    Church.
    • Challenged the infallibility of
    the Pope and democratized
    the interpretation of the
    Bible.
    Immanuel Kant • Challenged the use of
    Metaphysics or absolute truth
    derived mainly from unjustified
    tradition and authority such as
    the existence of God.
    • Advocated the use of reason in
    order to know the nature of the
    world of human beings.
    • Wrote the famous Essay “What
    is Enlightenment” the define
    enlightenment as the courage
    to know.
    Max Weber
    • One of the leading figures in
    modern sociology.
    • Rationalization- means that
    social life is more and more
    subjected to calculation and
    prediction.
    • Can only be achieved if human
    beings and society rely on
    regularities established by
    modern science.
    Louis Pasteur

    • Discoveries of Germ Theory


    and develop vaccination.
    • People relied more and
    more on medical
    knowledge to deal with
    diseases.
    Francois Lyotard

    • French sociologist points


    out science triumphed
    because it provided reliable
    results.
    The Rise of Universities

    • Education is the single most Emile Durkhiem


    important factors in the rise of
    social sciences.
    • The growth of universities also
    contributed to the triumph of
    science.
    • One of the founding “fathers”
    of sociology.
    The Dissolution of Feudal Relations
    Ferdinand Tonnies
    • Many medieval guilds or workers’
    cooperatives were dissolved and
    absorbed into the emerging factory
    system.
    • Created a modern cities.
    • This development forced many social
    scientists during this time to study
    the effects of the dissolution of
    feudal relations on the social life of
    • German sociologist, lamented the passing away the people.
    of gemeinschaft or community because of
    urbanization
    Trade and Commerce
    Marco Polo Ferdinand Magellan

    • Italian
    merchant
    from Venice
    inspired
    Columbus
    five
    journeys to
    America • Circumnavigate the world
    Harriet Martineau

    • Founding mother of sociology.

    • A British political economist


    and sociologist, social scientist
    shifted their attention to non-
    western world as a model of
    the early stage of Western
    civilization.
    The Rise of Individualism
    George Simmel
    • The intensification of
    commerce and trade gradually
    replaced barter with the
    introduction of money and
    banking system.
    • The introduction of money
    enabled people to deal with
    others even without meeting
    personally. • German sociologist
    • To decry the growing depersonalization of life
    due to the introduction of money.
    The Birth of Social Sciences as Auguste Comte
    Response to the Social Turmoil
    of the Modern Period

    • Sociology
    • Is a branch of Social Science
    that deals with the scientific
    study of human
    interactions, social groups • Founding Father of Sociology.
    and institutions, whole • He coined the term “sociology” but
    societies, and the human originally used “social physics”.
    world. • Stages of Development-
    Theological, Metaphysics and
    Positive stage.
    Karl Marx

    • Introduced the materialist analysis


    of history which discounts religious
    and metaphysical explanation for
    historical development.
    Franz Boas

    • Considered as the father of modern


    American anthropology.

    • The first anthropologist to have


    rejected the biological basis of
    racism or racial discrimination.
    Bronislaw Kasper
    Malinowski
    • A Polish immigrant who dis a
    comprehensive study of
    Trobriand Island.
    • Participation Observation
    • A method of social science
    research that requires the
    anthropologists to have the
    ability to participate and
    blend with the way of life
    of given group of people.
    Alfred Reginald
    Radcliffe-Brown
    • English social anthropologist
    who developed the theory of
    structural functionalism.

    • He did fieldwork on the


    Andaman Islands East India,
    and published his reports in
    the diffusionist style, but later
    shifted his theoretical
    orientation.
    • Political Science
    • Is a part of the social sciences that
    deals with the study of politics,
    power, and government.
    • Politics
    • Refers to the process of making
    collective decisions in a community,
    society, or group, through the
    application of influence and power.

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