Lecture 06 - Quantum Optics
Lecture 06 - Quantum Optics
Lecture 06 - Quantum Optics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1wBPDuhlZk
EINSTEIN THEORY OF PHOTON
In March 1905 , Einstein created the quantum theory of light, the idea that
light (and/or electromagnetic waves) is composed of particles called photons. ...
Later in 1905 came an extension of special relativity in which Einstein proved
that energy and matter are linked in the most famous relationship in physics:
E=mc2
- Light is composed of quantum particles - photons
-The energy of photon: E=hf=hc/λ=mc2
-The momentum of photon: p=h/λ=mc=E/c
-Rest mass of photon is equal to zero
Where h: Planck’s constant
f, λ: frequency & wavelength of light (or electromagnetic waves in general)
c: velocity of light in vacuum
Furthermore, “matter” (i.e., electrons, protons,
etc.) was found to exhibit “wave-like”
properties under certain circumstances
These two discoveries revolutionized science
and technology.
electrons
+
Metal Surface V
vacuum
The Result:
The “stopping voltage” is independent of light intensity!
Therefore, increasing the intensity I does not increase KE !
Photoelectric Effect (3)
Experiment 2: Measure the maximum energy vs. f Incident Light
(variable frequency f)
3 Collector
Vstop (v)
2
A
1 f0
electrons
0 +
0 5 10 15
Metal Surface V
f (x1014 Hz) vacuum
The Results:
Stopping voltage Vstop (and the maximum kinetic energy of electrons)
decreases with decreasing f (linear dependence).
Below a certain frequency fo, no electrons are emitted, even for intense light!
Makes no sense classically: Increasing E should have an effect.
Photoelectric Effect (4)
3
slope
Vstop (v)
h/e Collector
2
A
1 f0 1
0
0 5 10 15
electrons
+
f (x1014 Hz) V
Metal Surface
Summary of Results: vacuum
Energy of electrons emitted depends on frequency, not intensity
Electrons are not ejected for frequencies below f0
h is Planck’s constant (measured here)
KE max e Vstop hf
is the “work function”
Conclusion: Light comes in “packets” of energy Photons !
with Ephoton = hf h = 6.626 x 10-34 J • s
Increasing I simply increases # photons, not the photon energy.
Convenient Units for Ephoton
Recall: For EM waves, frequency and wavelength are related by
f = c/. c = 2.9979 x 108 m/s
= 3.1eV - 0.21eV
= 2.89 eV
KE max e Vstop hf 3
2.5
Vstop (v)
2
If f0 = 5.5 x 10 Hz, what is (h = 4.14 x 10
14 -15
1.5
eV•s) 1 f0
0.5
0
a) -1.3 V b) -5.5 eV c) +2.3 eV 0 5 10 15
f (x1014 Hz)
Solution
Calculating the work function ? 3.5
Vstop (v)
2
1.5
If f0 = 5.5 x 10 Hz, what is (h = 4.14 x 10
14 -15
eV•s) 1 f0
0.5
0
0 5 10 15
Not all electrons will leave with the maximum kinetic energy (due to losses)
exercise 2: Counting photons
How do we reconcile this notion that light comes in ‘packets’ with
our view of an electromagnetic wave, e.g., from a laser??
Partially transmitting
Power input mirror
1. How many photons per second are emitted from a 1-mW laser (=635nm)?
a. 3 x 1010 s-1
b. 3 x 1015 s-1
c. 3 x 1020 s-1
Partially transmitting
Power input mirror
1. How many photons per second are emitted from a 1-mW laser (=635nm)?
a. 3 x 1010 s-1 hc 1240 eV-nm
E photon 2 eV
b. 3 x 1015 s-1 635 nm
Power output: P = (# photons/sec) x Ephoton
c. 3 x 10 20
s-1
P 10 3 J 1eV 1photon 15 1
(# photons/sec) -19
3.1 10 s
E photon s 1.6 10 J 2 eV
2. Are more or fewer photons emitted by a cell phone (f = 830 MHz) at
the same power? (Cell phones actually emit 0.6 – 3W.)
Rate ~ Ratecell 0.36 m 5
cell 5.7 10
cell = c/f = 0.36 m Ratelaser laser 635 10 9 m
Wave-Particle “Duality”
We cannot classify EM radiation into distinct categories of “waves”
or “particles”.
Light exhibits wave-like properties (interference) in certain
situations, and particle-like properties (trajectories) in others.
We will see next lecture that in fact matter particles (like
electrons, protons, etc.) also can display both particle-like and
wave-like properties!
Classical view:
Quantum view: S1
S2
EM wave
(wavelength
S1
S2
Photons
(wavelength h/p)
Two Slit Interference:
Question: what if we reduce the
source intensity so that only one
particle (photon) goes through
the pattern at a time?
S1
S2
Photons
(wavelength h/p)
Two Slit Interference:
Question: what if we reduce the
source intensity so that only one
particle (photon) goes through
the pattern at a time?
Exposure time
S1
S2
Photons
(wavelength h/p)
What’s the energy?
A microwave oven generates electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of 2.4 GHz. What is the energy of each
microwave photon?