4-Cent - Pump Construction II

Construction of Centrifugal Pumps
Impeller
Based on major direction of flow
• Axial flow • Radial flow
• Mixed flow
Impeller
Based on mechanical construction
Open impeller: Central hub
Advantage:
It is capable of handling suspended
matter with a minimum of clogging.
Disadvantage:
Structural weakness – if the vanes are
long, they must be strengthened by ribs
or a partial shroud.
Van
Impeller
shroud or back wall
Semi-open impeller:
The shroud may or may not have “pump-out”
vanes, which are located at the back of the
Why? impeller shroud.
Function of the “pump-out” vanes:
• To reduce the pressure at the back hub
of the impeller.
• To prevent foreign matter from lodging in
the back of the impeller and interfering
with the proper operation of the pump and
the stuffing box. Van
Impeller
Enclosed impeller:
This design prevents the liquid
recirculation that occurs between an
open or semi-open impeller and its
side plates.
Impeller
Enclosed impeller:
A running joint must also be provided
between the impeller and the casing
to separate the discharge and
suction chambers of the pump.
The running joint is normally formed

by a relatively short cylindrical
surface on the impeller shroud that
rotates within a slightly larger
stationary cylindrical surface.
Running joint
Impeller
Based on suction type
Enclosed impeller:
•Single-suction: Liquid inlet on one side.
•Double-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from both sides.
Single Suction Impeller Double Suction Impeller

Impeller
Hydraulic Balance of Impeller:
Impeller
Several design options are possible to cancel out or
reduce axial thrust, some of which are:
1. Use of double suction type impellers.
DISCHARGE DISCHARGE DISCHARGE

PRESSURE PRESSURE PRESSURE
SUCTION
SUCTION PRESSURE
PRESSURE
SUCTION
PRESSURE
Single Suction Impeller Double Suction Impeller

Impeller
Impeller
2. Use of hydraulically balanced

impellers.
Impeller
3. Mounting impellers of a
multi-stage pump in a back-
to-back manner cancels out
axial thrust
Wear rings
Impeller wear rings
Wear rings
Casing wear rings
Shaft
Shaft sleeve
Component of Centrifugal Pumps
Rotating Components:
Shaft .2
Wear rings
The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit

the torques encountered when starting and during operation
while supporting the impeller and other rotating parts. It
must do this job with a deflection less than the minimum
clearance between the rotating and stationary parts.
Shaft .2
Shaft sleeve
Pump shafts are usually protected from erosion, corrosion,

and wear at the seal chambers, leakage joints, internal
bearings, and in the waterways by renewable sleeves.
Unless otherwise specified, a shaft sleeve of wear,
corrosion, and erosion resistant material shall be provided
to protect the shaft.
Shaft .2
Shaft sleeve
The sleeve shall be sealed at one end. The shaft sleeve

assembly shall extend beyond the outer face of the seal
gland plate. (Leakage between the shaft and the sleeve
should not be confused with leakage through the
mechanical seal).
Shaft .2
Coupling
Couplings can compensate for axial growth of the shaft and

transmit torque to the impeller.
Shaft couplings can be broadly classified into two groups:
rigid and flexible.
Rigid couplings are used in applications where there is

absolutely no possibility or room for any misalignment.
Flexible shaft couplings are more prone to selection,
installation and maintenance errors.
Shaft .2
Coupling
Flexible shaft couplings can be divided into two basic

groups: elastomeric and non-elastomeric
Shaft .2
Coupling
Elastomeric couplings use either rubber or polymer
elements to achieve flexibility. These elements can either be
in shear or in compression. Tire and rubber sleeve designs
are elastomer in shear couplings; jaw and pin and bushing
designs are elastomer in compression couplings.
Non-elastomeric couplings use metallic elements to obtain
flexibility. These can be one of two types: lubricated or
nonlubricated. Lubricated designs accommodate
misalignment by the sliding action of their components,
hence the need for lubrication.
Shaft .2
Coupling
The non-lubricated designs accommodate misalignment
through flexing. Gear, grid and chain couplings are
examples of non-elastomeric, lubricated couplings. Disc and
diaphragm couplings are non-elastomeric and
nonlubricated.

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4-Cent - Pump Construction II

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Construction of Centrifugal Pumps

• Axial flow • Radial flow

The running joint is normally formed

Single Suction Impeller Double Suction Impeller

DISCHARGE DISCHARGE DISCHARGE

Single Suction Impeller Double Suction Impeller

2. Use of hydraulically balanced

The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit

Pump shafts are usually protected from erosion, corrosion,

The sleeve shall be sealed at one end. The shaft sleeve

Couplings can compensate for axial growth of the shaft and

Rigid couplings are used in applications where there is

Flexible shaft couplings can be divided into two basic

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