Conceptual Framework and

Review of Related Literature

 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. illustrates and explains the research framework
(CS_RS12-If-j-6);
2. defines terms used in the study (CS_RS12-If-j-7);
3. list research hypothesis (if appropriate) (CS_RS12-If-
j-8) and
4. presents a written review of related literature and
conceptual framework (CS_RS12-If-j-9).
Lesson 1 – Research
Framework
 Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework
 The types of research frameworks are classified as the
theoretical and conceptual frameworks. A theoretical
framework is commonly used for studies that anchor
on time-tested theories that relate the findings of the
investigation to the underpinning relevant theory of
knowledge. At the same time, a conceptual
framework refers to the actual ideas, beliefs, and
tentative theories that specifically support the study.
It is primarily a conception or model of what is out
there that the researcher plans to study.
Similarities of the Theoretical
and Conceptual Framework
The following are the similar characteristics of Theoretical and
Conceptual Framework:
1. Provide an overall view of the research study;
2. Anchor a theory that supports the study;
3. Guide in developing relevant research questions/objectives;
4. Help justify assumptions/hypothesis;
5. Aid in choosing appropriate methodology;
6. Help in gathering and interpreting data and
7. Guide in identifying possible threats to validity.
 Differences between the
Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework
 These are the following guidelines and strategies
of choosing and developing a Research Framework
according to Barrot (2017).
 These are the following guidelines and strategies
of choosing and developing a Research Framework
according to Barrot (2017).
 These are the following guidelines and strategies
of choosing and developing a Research Framework
according to Barrot (2017).
Concept Map
A concept map is a visual
representation of information that
helps show the relationship between
ideas. Concept maps begin with the
main topic and then branch out into
sub-topics, reflecting the connection
of all the elements in the study. It can
also provide and organize new ideas.
Concept Map
 It is composed of different figures such as lines,
circles, boxes, and other marks or symbols which
represent the elements of your research. It can take
the form of charts, graphic organizers, tables,
flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, timelines, or T-charts.
Concept map arranges related ideas in a hierarchy.
You start broad, and the sub-topics will get more and
more specific. It also helps you in formulating a
specific topic from the general or the main idea with
significant connections of information. In other
words, understanding the big picture makes the
details more significant and easier to comprehend.
VARIABLES
The independent variable is the “presumed cause”
of the research problem. It is the reason for any
“change” or difference in a dependent variable. It
can be purposely manipulated by the researcher,
depending on the focus of the study. It maybe can
cause, influence, or affect the result or outcome of
the study. It is also called as the experimental,
treatment, antecedent, or predictor variable.
Moreover, it refers to the variable that is stable and
unaffected by the other variables you are trying to
measure.
VARIABLES
The dependent variable is the “presumed effect” of
the research problem. It is usually the problem itself
or the element that is being questioned. This variable
is altered as a result of experimental manipulation of
the independent variable or variables. It is also called
as the criterion, effect, response, or outcome
variable which captures the interest of the researcher
and requires analysis, interpretation, and implication
of the findings of the study. The variable that
depends on other factors that are measured and are
affected or influenced by the independent variable.
VARIABLES
The moderating variable is an independent variable
which influences the direction and the strength of the
connection between independent and dependent
variables. The independent variable interacts with the
moderator variable, which makes the relationship of
the independent and dependent variable stronger or
weaker. It alters the effect that an independent
variable has on a dependent variable base on its value.
The moderator thus influences the effective component
of the cause-effect relationship between the two
variables. This is also called as the interaction effect.
VARIABLES
Mediating variable or Intervening variable is an
element that exists between the independent to the
dependent variable. A mediator (or mediating)
variable is an integral part of the cause-effect
relationship and helps us to understand the effects
of the independent variable on the dependent
variable. It is a variable that describes the effect
and influence of the relationship between the
variables and what is controlling that relationship.
This is also called as correlated or mediator
variables
VARIABLES
The control variable is a special type of
independent variable that can influence
the dependent variable. It takes an active
role in quantitative studies. Statistical
procedures are used to control this
variable. It is useful to integrate the
control variables into your research study,
but it is not the main focus.
The Input-Process-Output Model
 The Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a
conceptual paradigm which indicates the inputs,
required process, and the output. This approach
is seated on the premise of acquiring essential
information by converting inputs into outputs
through the required processing steps in
obtaining the result. The IPO Model is also
referred to as a functional model that is usually
used in action research where an intervention or
solution is necessary to solve the identified
problem.
The Input-Process-Output Model
The Input is usually the independent
variable of the study. Meanwhile, the
Process is the intervention or solution
consist of the instruments and analyses
used to acquire the result. Lastly, the
Output is the findings or outcome of
the interventions being made to solve
the identified problem.
Common Example of Conceptual Framework
A. Independent Variable - Dependent Variable Model (IV-DV)

This conceptual framework shows the independent and dependent

variables of the study. It is presumed that the more number of hours a
student prepares for the exam, the higher would be the expected
academic performance.
Common Example of Conceptual Framework
B. The Input – Process - Output Model (IPO)

This conceptual framework shows the input, process, and output approach of
the study. The input is the independent variable, which includes the socio-
demographic and food safety profile of the respondents. The process includes
the tools and analyses in gathering the data, while the output is the outcome
based on the results of the study.
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Activity 2: Name that Title
Direction: Base on the knowledge and understanding that you have gained from the
previous examples and activities, you have now captured the idea on how to make a
conceptual framework from the research title. With this, you are now given the
framework, and you need to formulate the research title according to the elements
and factors that are present in the variables. Give three (3) possible research titles
that would reflect on the given variables. Write your answers in the box provided
below.
 LESSON 2:
Definition of Terms
Definition of Terms is also called as Operational
Definition of Variables (ODV). The word
operational refers to “how the word/term was used
in the study. At the same time, the variables are
the elements essential to the study.
There are two ways in defining the terms, the
conceptual and operational definition. The
conceptual definition is the meaning of the term
that is based on how it is defined in the dictionary
or encyclopedia. Operational definition, on the
other hand is the meaning of the term based on
how it was used in the study.
Benefits of Having Definition of Terms
1. It is a useful place to include technical terms in the
topic of the research questions.
2. It can clarify the definition of term, especially if it
has a different meaning. Define the term according to
how it was used in the study.
3. It makes it easier to revisit or check the meaning of
a term instead of trying to locate it through the paper.
4. Helps to ensure that the reader can understand the
technical terminologies and jargons while reading the
paper.
Guidelines on How to Write the Definition of Terms
1. Write a brief introductory statement. It shortly describes the content of the definition of
terms.
2. List/write the words/terms (which are technical) that would be included (make sure
that the variables and key terms found in the title are included).
3. The terms should be arranged alphabetically.
4. Indention should be applied to each term.
5. The term should be followed with a period.
6. It can be underlined or not.
7. It can be bold and italic or not.
8. It does not have to be lengthy (direct to the point).
9. Acronym/initials should be defined clearly. Complete name should be written first,
followed by the acronym/initials in open-close parenthesis, then the definition/meaning.
10. Do not overflow with technical terms (only those relevant and significant to the study).
11. Keep the definition brief and basic. You will elaborate on it more in the body of your
paper.
1. Conceptual definition
Face to face. It is when the people involved are
being close together and looking directly at
each other (https://bit.ly/2L2IuML).
Module. Is any in a series of standardized units
used together, such as an educational unit that
covers a single subject or topic
(https://bit.ly/380jv5X).
Online. Is controlled by or connected to another
computer or network (https://bit.ly/3aUatJA).
2. Operational definition
 Face to face. This refers to one of the modalities used
in learning delivery in which the teacher and students
should be in the same place or setting, such as the
classroom.
 Module. Teaching modules are guides of the topics and
lessons of a specific subject given to students under the
modular method. It is also an alternative distance
learning delivery in which students are required to read
and answer the activities specified in the module.
 Online. It refers to another form of distance learning
wherein the teacher and students will have their lessons
using internet connectivity.
Task 1: Define Me Operationally
Base on your research title and research
framework, organize your definition of terms.
Write the complete definition of terms of your
research study operationally as directed by the
guidelines given to you. Note that there are
other ways or formats of writing your definition
of terms depending on the guidelines of your
institution. You may use a separate paper if the
space provided is not enough.
LESSON 3: Research
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or
more variables. It is a specific and testable prediction on what you expect to
happen with the variables in your study. Usually, it proposes a possible
relationship between the independent variable (what the researcher changes)
and the dependent variable (what the research measures). It is also described
as an “educated guess” of what possibly the result would be of your research,
which should be supported on existing theories and knowledge. Furthermore,
the hypothesis states a tentative answer to your research question that can
be tested by further investigation in which you can support or refute it
through scientific research methods such as data collection and statistical
analysis. It is the primary idea of any inquiry that transforms the research
questions into a prediction and integrates components like variables,
population, and the relation between the variables. Hypothesis formulation is
employed when conducting correlational, ex-post facto, quasi experimental,
and experimental studies (Barrot, 2017).
Types of Research Hypothesis
1. Simple Hypothesis
A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the
relationship between two variables, the
independent variable and the dependent
variable. It shows a connection between one
independent variable and a single dependent
variable (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q).
Ex: The higher the poverty rate in society (one
independent variable), the higher the number
Types of Research Hypothesis
2. Complex hypothesis
 The complex hypothesis reflects the relationship
between the independent variable and the dependent
variable. It expresses a connection between two or
more independent variables and two or more
dependent variables (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q).
 Ex: Eating more vegetables and fresh fruits
(independent variables) leads to boost immune system
and enhance blood circulation and digestion
(dependent variables).
Types of Research Hypothesis
3. Empirical Hypothesis
 An empirical hypothesis is also called as the “working hypothesis.”
It is presumed to explain certain facts and relationships of
phenomena. It comes to life when a theory is being put to the test,
using observation and experiment. From the name itself
“working,” it would mean that it can be changed or replace
anytime as soon as it is no longer supported or accepted base on
the observation and experimentation being done. It is going
through some trial and error and perhaps changing around those
independent variables (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q).
 Ex: Plants watered everyday grow faster than plants watered once
a week. (Here, trial and error are leading to a series of findings).
Types of Research Hypothesis
4. Logical hypothesis
 Logical hypothesis expresses explanation with limited
evidence that can be verified logically. It reflects a
relationship of the variables which anchored based on
logical phenomena. Sometimes, a logical hypothesis can be
turned into an empirical hypothesis in which you have to
test your theories and postulates (https://bit.ly/37UCE9q).
 Ex: Tomato plants bear fruit faster in Earth than in Moon.
(Until we are can test the soil and plant growth in Moon's
ground, the evidence for this claim will be limited, and the
hypothesis will only remain logical).
Types of Research Hypothesis
5. Statistical hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis is an analysis of a portion of a
population. It can be verified statistically. The variables in
a statistical hypothesis can be transformed into quantifiable
sub-variable to assess it statistically
(https://bit.ly/37UCE9q).
 Ex: If your research is about the psychosocial development
of K-3 pupils of the private and public schools in the city,
you would want to examine every single K-3 pupil in the
city. It is not practical. Therefore, you would conduct your
research using a statistical hypothesis or a sample of the K-3
pupil population.
Types of Research Hypothesis
6. Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis is denoted with the symbol
Ho It exists when you consider that there is no
relationship between the independent and
dependent variables or that there is an
insufficient amount of information to claim a
scientific hypothesis (McLeod, 2020).
Ex: There is no significant change in my health,
whether I exercise every day or not.
Types of Research Hypothesis
7. Alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is denoted with the
symbol (Ha). It is an alternate statement
expressed to be tested in order to generate the
desired output when the empirical or working
hypothesis is not accepted. In an attempt to
disprove a null hypothesis, you tend to seek an
alternative hypothesis (McLeod, 2020).
Ex: My health improves during the times when I
sleep 8 hours a day than sleeping for 4 hours
A Hypothesis can be classified as Directional
and Non-directional Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis
 The directional hypothesis relates the relationship between the
variables and can also predict its nature. It illustrates the direct
association of the impact of the independent variable with the
dependent variable, whether it is positively or negatively affected.
The direction of the statement should be clear and justified according
to the findings of the study. Since the hypothesis is gearing to one
specific direction it is investigated through a one-tailed test (McLeod,
2020).
 Ex: Students who are eating nutritious food have higher grades than
students not having a proper meal. (This shows that there is an effect
between the grades and nutritious food and the direction of effect is
clear that the students got a higher grade).
A Hypothesis can be classified as Directional
and Non-directional Hypothesis
Non-directional Hypothesis
 A non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no principle involved.
It is a premise that a relationship exists between two variables.
However, the direction of the effect is not specifically determined. It is
a statement that reflects the association of the independent variable to
the dependent variable without predicting the exact nature of the
direction of the relationship.This relationship is not specified as negative
or positive. The hypothesis, in this case, is investigated through a two-
tailed test (McLeod, 2020).
 Ex: There is a significant difference in the average grades between those
students that have proper nutritious meal and those that do not have
proper meals. (This depicts that there is an effect between the average
grades and nutritious food, but it does not reflect the direction of the
effect whether it is positively or negatively affected).
Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis
These guidelines must be observed in formulating your
hypothesis.
1. Before writing your specific hypothesis, spend more time
researching about the topic you are interested in. Focus on
information and previous studies related to your topic.
2. Your independent variable and dependent variable must be
included in your hypothesis.
3. The relationship of your variables must be reflected in your
hypothesis. Will your independent variable affects your
dependent variable?
4. Your hypothesis should be simple and specific as possible. If
your hypothesis is vague and complicated, it would be difficult
to find the answer to your question.
Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis
These guidelines must be observed in formulating your hypothesis.
5. Your hypothesis should be concise and comprises clear and simple
language. Make it short and simple for it to be easily understood and
avoid any misconceptions or misunderstandings.
6. Your hypothesis should be testable without violating ethical
standards. It means that it could be investigated and measured
through a scientific methods such as statistical analysis and data
interpretation.
7. Your hypothesis must be falsifiable. It means that your hypothesis
can be proven wrong through experiments or empirical data. There
are no absolute answers to research questions, but there is a
possibility of validating the hypotheses to be true beyond a
reasonable doubt.
Example 1
Determine the following hypotheses, whether it is a good or bad hypothesis base on what
you have learned. Put a check (√) mark on the right column to indicate your answer.
Briefly support your answer with an explanation or remark.
Example 1
Activity
Type Identity. Given the following hypotheses, identify the type and direction which applies to
each. Write your answer in the right column.
Activity
Type Identity. Given the following hypotheses, identify the type and direction which applies to
each. Write your answer in the right column.
Task 1: Ho vs Ha
Base on your research study, refer to your research questions.
Formulate three (3) null hypotheses and three (3) alternative
hypotheses. Write your research title and research questions, followed
by your hypotheses. Use the space provided for your answer.
LESSON 4: Review of
Related Literature
Nature of Quantitative Research Problem
Review of related literature is a compilation of
studies related to a specific area of research
(Fraenkel & Wallen, 2020). It evaluates,
classifies and summarizes all the relevant
previous studies conducted on a specified topic.
It is also design to justify your research by
exposing the gaps of the previous studies. It is
vital that your literature review is centralized.
Thus, you should choose studies that are
focused to your topic rather than collecting a
broader scope of studies which are already not
Nature of Quantitative Research Problem
 Literature review plays a significant impact in the
discussion of the results and findings. The discussion
of results and findings should focus on your research
rather than those of the other previous researches.
Hence, the literature review should be used only in
the discussion as support, evidence, and further
explanation for your study. These are the three (3)
ways of using literature review in the discussion of
your study: a) providing context as a foundation to
develop your ideas, b) comparing your findings from
other previous related studies, and c) stating what
contribution your study has made in the field.
Nature of Quantitative Research Problem
 However, there are also three (3) common errors
that are usually made when including literature
reviews in the discussion of the study. First, there
are wide range of studies being included in which
most of them are not anymore relevant to your
specific topic under investigation. Second, stating
the related article mentioning the original article
rather than citing the original article itself.
Lastly, previous work has been cited by the
researcher based only on the abstracts and
without even reading the entire research.
 Purpose of a Literature Review
The review of related literature is anchored to the following purposes.
1. To discover the connection of your research to the existing body of knowledge
and to the real-life situations.
2. To identify more theories or concepts as the foundation of your research study
and learn from them.
3. To determine the relationship of your research with previous research studies
to prevent duplication and to acknowledge other researchers.
4. To acquire knowledge on the accuracy and significance of your research
questions.
5. To acquaint yourself with the technical terminologies relevant to your study.
6. To determine possible gaps, conflicts, and open questions left from other
researches which might help you in formulating and justifying your research ideas.
7. To clarify misconceptions on previous researches and help refocus, polish, and
contribute to the development of the body of knowledge.
Structure of Literature Review
1. Introduction
 The introduction somehow presents the fundamental idea of
the particular study of the literature review.
2. Main Body
 The main body is consists of the organized discussion of
sources. This is where you summarize and synthesize your
literature review and reflect how they related to your study.
3. Conclusions/Recommendations
 Conclusion and recommendation emphasized what you have
learned from reviewing the literature and where would your
study leads to.
Types of Literature Review
These are the different types of literature review
according to Nueman (2011) depending on how you
organize and present your review of related studies.
1. Context review
 From the name itself, context review is primarily
focused on the content or contextual aspect of
research. Usually it is a type of review in which the
researcher relates his or her study to a larger body of
knowledge. It presents the current research by
merging it into a wider framework and determine its
contribution and impact to the specific field of study.
Types of Literature Review
2. Historical review
 Historical review is a specialized type of literature review in
which the researcher organizes the related researches
according to the period of time it was conducted. Historical
literature review focuses on probing research in a specified
field throughout a chronological order, which usually starts
from the oldest period of time going to the most recent
studies. The goal of this type of research is to gain knowledge
on the advancement of technology and to identify
developments on certain areas, which progress through time.
It can be integrated with a theoretical or methodological
review to illustrate how a concept, theory, or research
method developed through time.
Types of Literature Review
3. Integrative review
 Integrative review is a common type of literature
review in which the researcher introduces and
summarizes the recent knowledge of the study. It
emphasizes the agreements and disagreements of
knowledge among various previous researches. It also
considers reviews, critiques, and synthesizes
representative literature in an integrated way in order
to generate new structure and viewpoint on the topic.
This is the most common form of literature review in
the social sciences. This review is usually merge with
a context review.
Types of Literature Review
4. Methodological review
 Methodological review is a specialized type of
literature review in which the researcher gathers and
compares and contrast other studies to the current
research. It basically summarizes and evaluates the
strengths and gaps in methodological aspects of
various studies and illustrates the effects of different
methodologies (research designs, samples, process) to
different outcomes. This approach also emphasizes
ethical issues when necessary, which you should
consider and be conscious of as you go through your
current research.
Types of Literature Review
5. Self-study review
 Self-study review is a literature review in which the
researcher demonstrates his or her understanding of a
specific body of knowledge. It contains existing proof
associated to a clearly stated research questions and
uses standardized methods to determine and evaluate
relevant research. However, it can also produce
problems of prejudice especially when it is used to
summarize claims or statements linking his or her
findings to a system of knowledge. Typically, it is a
practice in the educational program or course
requirement.
Types of Literature Review
6. Theoretical review
 Theoretical review is a literature review in which the
researcher introduces several theories or concepts
that are focused on a specific topic. It is particular on
the theories and concepts being highlighted on other
researches and compare them to the current study
basing on its framework, hypothesis, consistency, and
justification. The theoretical literature review aids in
establishing the theories already existed, the
relationships of theories among various studies, the
degree of its investigation, and the development of
new hypotheses.
Type of Sources for a Literature Review
Where can you find review of related literature?
As a researcher, you can find information about the research studies
in numerous formats such as books, scholarly journal articles,
dissertations, government documents, policy reports, and
periodicals. Most researchers are also presenting their findings during
meetings, congress, and conventions of professional societies and
organizations. According to Nueman (2011), you can find related
literature in:
1. Books
 Books convey many forms of information. The needed information
here is from the books containing a collection of research materials
and articles. You can find citation information on them such as the
title, author, date, and publisher in the catalog system.
Type of Sources for a Literature Review
2. Scholarly Journals
 Scholarly journals may also be referred to as academic
journals or peer-reviewed journals. They are filled
with peer-reviewed information of research. Articles
are written by a scholar in the field and the
researcher is always identified. List of the sources of
the information like footnotes, endnotes, and
bibliography is always included. Typically, they
contain an advance terminologies since the researcher
uses technical language in their field of study. The
researcher assumes that the reader has a background
and basic understanding in the field of research.
Type of Sources for a Literature Review
3. Dissertations
Dissertation is a final requirement for the
degree of doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) in which
the student or researcher has to complete a
work of original research. Some dissertations
are eventually published as books or articles
which take into account its findings and
contribution to the academic discipline. Since
dissertations are original research, they can be
a source of valuable information.
Type of Sources for a Literature Review
4. Government Documents
Most of the government agencies around the
world support research undertakings and publish
the findings of the study. Government
documents are usually kept at the government
and some school libraries. These documents are
rarely found in the catalog system. Assistance
from the librarian is needed for you to be able
to locate these documents since it is considered
as specialized publications.
Type of Sources for a Literature Review
5. Policy Reports and Presented Papers
 Policy reports are also a source of information in
literature review. Policy papers are not like the
typical research papers. Usually they are discussed to
non-academic readers. They may initiate by
identifying an issue or phenomenon that usually claim
an answer and they are focused on being persuasive.
Moreover, policy papers are written proficiently and
most of the readers does not want to read a book due
to limited time. Generally, they are supplemented by
policy briefs which summarize the papers.
Type of Sources for a Literature Review
6. Periodicals
Periodicals are findings of the study which can
be seen in newspapers, in popular magazines,
on television or radio broadcasts, and in
Internet news summaries. They are the chosen
edited summaries done by journalists for the
general readers. They are deficient in numerous
vital details that are require to critically
evaluate the study. Therefore, it is essential to
supplement these information with other
Steps in Writing Literature Review
1. Find/Search for the Relevant Literature
There are many ways on how to find relevant
research studies. You may use the following:
a. Search engines to facilitate your
information inquiry. Make sure that they are
reliable.
b. University online library
c. Snowballing
Steps in Writing Literature Review
2. Log, Catalogue and Synthesize
After searching and gathering the different relevant studies, you
need to arrange them in order for you to organize them easily.
a. Log the reference information. You may use reference
management software.
b. Catalogue all relevant articles. You may use excel so that it
will be organize and systematic. You can make your own
template so that you will be efficient.
c. Digest and synthesize. Organize the different ideas from
different sources. Arrange them according to the criteria that
you made in your excel template. This would make the
connections of the different studies easier to identify.
Steps in Writing Literature Review
3. Outlining and Writing Up
In-depth planning and enough time should be given importance during this period
since you will need to concentrate and have focus in writing up your paper.
a. Draw up your outline. You need to make an outline first for the structuring of
your literature review. Thorough reading and understanding should be done for
you to be able to plan and structure the ideas from your different sources. You
can use the different approaches like chronological, thematic, theoretical, etc.
b. Write it up. After formulating the outline, you can now begin writing your first
draft. It is expected that your first draft is still rough. Your second draft involves
tightening up and improving the flow. There would be several drafts needed for
your paper to be polished.
c. Recap. When you are finish with your paper, have it read by others who are
qualified (expert in the field) for further improvements. Comprehend and
incorporate their corrections and suggestions for the betterment of your study. It
is so much better if there will be more qualified people that can proof-read your
paper.
In-text Citation and Referencing Styles
Citation is a reference to a literature being used
in your study. It is a way of giving
acknowledgement to the authors whom you
have referred their intellectual works and
creativity as a support or foundation of your
research. Typically, citations include author’s
name, date, publisher information, journal
information and/or DOI (Digital Objective
Identifier) if present (Literature Review:
Citation Styles, nd).
In-text Citation and Referencing Styles
From the name itself, an in-text citation is
a reference made within the body of text in
the paper. It leads the reader to a source
where a particular information has been
taken of. An in-text citation should be
reflected when you refer, paraphrase,
summarize, or quote from another author.
A corresponding reference list must be
provided at the end of the study as
references or bibliography.
In-text Citation and Referencing Styles
A reference typically includes only the
sources that you have mentioned or
cited in-text in your paper, while a
bibliography, is generally a list of all
the sources you used to generate your
ideas about your research even if you
have not mentioned or cited them in
your paper.
Task 1: Presenting Written Review and
Framework
Direction: Get ready for the presentation of your written review of related
literature and conceptual framework. The rubrics below will served as a
guide on how you will be rated by your teacher. The 4C (content,
coherence, creativity, communication) technique will be used so that you
can easily remember.