University of Luzon

Criminology Department

Development of Prisons and Practices in

Sweden, Canada, including the 18 Rules
of Kalantiaw
Title of the Report

Date: October 7, 2022

 REPORTERS

Dumlao, John Denver B. Valle, Harvinder V. Devera, Cierell Ann A.

Development of prisons in Canada Development of prisons in Canada Development of prisons in Canada
Name and Topic Name and Topic Name and Topic

Pabona, Raymund Martizo, Kenneth B. Domingo, Sharina H.

Development of prisons in Canada Development of prisons in Sweden Development of prisons in Sweden
Name and Topic Name and Topic Name and Topic
 REPORTERS

Bautista, John
Robert C.
Development of
prinsons in Sweden

Camba, AV Katte C. Bonode, Patrick Josh G. Bautista, John Robert C.

Development of prisons in Sweden Development of prisons in Sweden Development of prinsons in Sweden
Name and Topic Name and Topic Name and Topic

Tandoc, Darwin V. Bautista, Benjie Q. Sampaga, Robelyn C.

18 Rules of Kalantiaw 18 Rules of Kalantiaw 18 Rules of Kalantiaw
Name and Topic Name and Topic Name and Topic
Swedish Prison.

In Sweden public attitudes towards criminals are hard as those in

America, Swedish lawmakers have taken a far more humane approach
to the treatment of prisoners. In Sweden, the collective view is that
while crime must be punished , the individuals who commit these
crimes will one day be rejoining society.
Attitude of Prisons in Sweden
∙ Attitude is seen as a last resort
 

∙Swedish penal code tries to avoid prison terms when it can.

 

Per Swedish Guideline

∙ to qualify more Offender must be present an active threat to
the general public if they are prison time.

Swedish mentality
∙ Some people must be incarcerated.
Prisons in Canada, Crime and Punishment
(Pre-1920)
Canada was officially created as a country in 1867, with the signing of the
 

British North America Act. However, its correctional history dates back to the
earliest days of English and French colonial settlement.
 
In Canada, the first penitentiary was built in Kingston in 1835.
Initially under provincial jurisdiction, it came under federal responsibility with
 

the passage of the first Penitentiary Act (1868).

Glossary

British North America Act: On March 29, 1867, the British Parliament enacted
 

the British North America Act establishing the terms of the Confederation of
the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia with a parliamentary system directly modelled on the British one. This
Act established the division of powers or jurisdictions between the central
Parliament and the provincial legislatures.
Offender: The term “offender” is used to refer to any person who commits an
 

offence.
Glossary

Quaker: Known also as the Religious Society of Friends, this is a religious

 

movement founded in England in the 17th century by some Anglican

dissidents led by George Fox. Quakerism advocates pacifism and a simple
lifestyle.
Penitentiary: A correctional facility where inmates are offered the chance to
 

educate themselves and work; correctional facility is the generic term for any
place of detention.
Penal colonies: Countries such as Canada and Australia were used as penal
 

colonies, to which the colonizing countries (France, England) sent their

common-law offenders; the latter often hoped to build a better life in this
New World, which seemed to them less hostile than the institutions of the
time.
Treatment: A step toward reintegration
(1920-1960)

During the Great Depression of the thirties, over a quarter

of Canadian workers lost their jobs; poverty led to a rise in
crime and a significant increase in the number of inmates in
Canadian institutions.
New social realities (1960-1999)
In the 1960s, new approaches to rehabilitation and reintegration were
adopted: the first gradual release program was introduced at Collins Bay
Institution, near Kingston. Inmates were allowed to work outside the
institution during the day and return in the evening. In 1969, an experimental
living unit was even opened at medium-security Springhill Institution in Nova
Scotia, as part of a community pilot program to help inmates prepare
themselves for life “on the outside.’’
Glossary

Death penalty: In Canada, hanging was the only method of execution used. In
 

1859, the offences punishable by death in Canada included murder, rape,

treason, poisoning or injuring a person with the intent to commit murder,
mistreatment of a girl under 10 years of age, arson, etc.
After many years of debate, the death penalty was struck from the Criminal
 

Code of Canada in 1976. Parliament made this decision because it felt that
the State could not put an end to a person’s life, that there was always the
risk of convicting an innocent person, and that there was no certainty that the
death penalty is an effective deterrent.
Security levels: Canadian penitentiaries are classified by security level, which is
 

related to the danger to the community posed by the inmate. There are
minimum security, medium-security, maximum-security and multi-level
security institutions.
And now…
 
In the 1990s, this more humane approach to treating offenders was still
developing. Programs were developed specifically for women, based on the
following principles: empowerment, meaningful and responsible choices,
respect and dignity, a supportive environment, and shared responsibility.
18 RULES OF KALANTIAW
ARTICLE I
 

 
You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest you
incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by
being drowned in the river, or in boiling water.
ARTICLE II
 

 
You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be met punctually. He who does not
obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be
condemned to thrust his hand in boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be beaten to
death.
ARTICLE III
 

 
Obey you: let no one have women that are very young nor more than he can support; nor be
given to excessive lust. He who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order shall be
condemned to swim for three hours for the first time and for the second time, to be beaten to
death with sharp thorns.
 
ARTICLE IV
 
Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the graves. When passing by the
caves and trees where they are, give respect to them. He who does not observe this
shall be killed by ants or beaten to death with thorns.
 
ARTICLE V
 
You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be always done in accordance
with his word. He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats
the offense shall be exposed for one day among ants.
 
ARTICLE VI
 
You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in respect, such as those of trees
of recognized worth and other sights. He who fails to comply shall pay with one
month's work in gold or in honey.
ARTICLE VII
 

 
These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance; who shoot arrows
at night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of the headmen without
permission; he who kills a shark or a streaked Cayman.
 
 

ARTICLE VIII
 

 
Slavery for a doam (a certain period) shall be suffered by those who steal away the women
of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that bite the headmen; by him who
burns the fields of another.
ARTICLE IX
 

 
All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night; kill the Manual;
tear the documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or who mock the dead.
ARTICLE X
 

 
It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her daughters matters
pertaining to lust and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be cruel nor punish their
women when they catch them in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be
killed by being cut to pieces and thrown to the Caymans.
ARTICLE XI
 

 
These shall be burned: who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and escaped
punishment or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the women of the elders.
ARTICLE XII
 

 
These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their superiors, or their owners or
masters; all those who abuse themselves through their lust; those who destroy their anitos
(idols) by breaking them or throwing them down.
 
ARTICLE XIII
 
All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who kill black cats during a new
moon; or steal anything from the chiefs or agorangs, however small the object may
be.
 
ARTICLE XIV
 
These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful daughters and deny them to
the sons of chiefs, and with bad faith hide them away.
 
ARTICLE XV
 
Concerning beliefs and superstitions; these shall be beaten who eat the diseased
flesh of beasts which they hold in respect, or the herb which they consider good, who
wound or kill the young of the Manual, or the white monkey.
 
ARTICLE XVI
 
The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break idols of wood and clay in
their alangans and temples; of those who destroy the daggers of the tagalons, or
break the drinking jars of the latter.
 
ARTICLE XVII
 
These shall be killed: who profane sites where idols are kept, and sites where are
buried the sacred things of their diwatas and headmen. He who performs his
necessities in those places shall be burned.
 
ARTICLE XVIII
 
Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are headmen, they
shall be put to death by being stoned and crushed; and if they are agorangs they
shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and caymans.