DMA Induction
DMA Induction
DMA Induction
DISCRETE MATHEMATIC
LEC-03:
Induction
Problem
k N , P (k )
n
Example n N , A P(1 r )
A compounded amount (including interest)
P principle (the original amount)
r annual rate
n number of year
More examples
k
k k 1
k N , i
i 0 2
n
n N , n 1, n! n
Three steps
Example 1
k
k k 1
k N , i
2 k 1
k
i 0
0 i 0 i (k 1)
Base Case: P(0)
0
0(0 1)
0 i 2
k (k 1)
(k 1)
2
Inductive Hypothesis: P(k)
k
k (k 1) k
0 i 2 (k 1)( 1)
2
Inductive Step: P(k+1) (k 1)( k 2)
k 1
(k 1)( k 2) 2
0 i 2
Example 2
n
n N , n 1, n! n (k 1)! (k 1)k!
Base Case: P(2) k
2
(k 1)k
2! 2
Inductive Hypothesis: P(k) (k 1)( k 1) k
k
k! k k 1
(k 1)
Inductive Step: P(k+1)
k 1
(k 1)! (k 1)
Four color theorem
Any map can be colored with
four colors such that any two
adjacent countries must have
different colors.
The problem was first posed
in 1852. It is very difficult to
prove.
It was not until 1976 that the
theorem was finally proved
(with the aid of a computer)
by Appel and Haken.
Two color theorem
Suppose a map is drawn using only lines that extend
to infinity in both directions; two colors are sufficient
to color the countries so that no pair of countries with
a common border have the same color.
B
We divide the plane
R R
into regions by drawing
B straight lines.
B R B
Step 1: Base case
B
R
Step 2: Inductive hypothesis
B R R
B
The (n+1)th line
Compound interest
n
Example n N , A P(1 r )
A compounded amount (including interest)
P principle (the original amount)
r annual rate
n number of year
Base case: P(0)
0
A P (1 r ) P
In year 0 you receive no interest, the
compounded amount is equal to the
principle.
k
A P(1 r )
Base Case:
P(0) Q(0) P(0)
Inductive Hypothesis:
P(0) P(1) P(k ) Q(k ) P(0) P(1) P (k )
Inductive Step:
P (0) P (1) P (k ) P(0) P (1) P (k )
P (k 1) P (0) P(1) P(k ) P(k 1)
Induction and Recursion
Exercises
Exercises
Homework
Problem Set 3