c.4 Medications
c.4 Medications
c.4 Medications
1
MEDICATIONS
PURPOSE OF MEDICATIONS
• The term drug or medication refers to a
substance or mixture (other than food) that is
used to do one or more of the following:
Maintain health
Treat disease
Relieve symptoms
Prevent disease
Alter body processes
Diagnose disease
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RESPOSIBILITY OF THE NURSE
Preparation
Administration
Teaching
Evaluating response
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PRINCIPLES IN GIVING
MEDICATIONS
1. Wash hand before and after preparing the
medication to reduce transfer
of microorganisms and put on gloves if needed.
2. Nurse who administer the medications are
responsible for their own action.
3. Be knowledgeable about the medication that
you administer
( Therapeutic use, normal dosage, routes/
forms, potential side effects, contra-indications)
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Follow & apply the “Ten Rights” of drug administration.
– when administering medications, the nurse compares the label of the medication
container with medication form. The nurse does this 3 times:–
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Right Dose
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RIGHT CLIENT
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RIGHT CLIENT
EDUCATION
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RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
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RIGHT ASSESSMENT
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RIGHT EVALUATION
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RIGHTS
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GUIDELINES FOR CORRECT DRUG
ADMINITRATION
• PREPARATION
Check for drug allergies; check the assessment history and kardex
Check medication order with healthcare providers, medication sheet &
medication card
Check expiration date on drug
Pour tablet or capsule into the cap of the drug container
Pour liquid at eye level
Dilute drugs that irritate gastric mucosa or give with meals
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GUIDELINES …
• ADMINISTRATION
Administer only those drugs that you have prepared. Do not prepare
medications to be administered by another
Identify the client by ID band or photo.
When possible give bad medication first followed by pleasant tasting
liquids
Assist the client to an appropriate position
depending on the route of administration
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GUIDELINES…
• ADMINISTRATION
Stay with the client until the medications are taken
Administer no more than 2.5 to 3 ml of solution intramuscularly at one site and no more
than 1 ml subcutaneously. Never recap needles (universal precautions).
Discard needles and syringes in appropriate containers.
Store the medication appropriately
Write date and time opened the vial and amount of dilution and initials on the label
Report drug error immediately to clients health care provider and to the nurse manager
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GUIDELINES…
• RECORDING
Charting: record drug given, dose time, route, and your
initials
Report to health care provider and record drugs that were
refused with reason for refusal
Record the amount of fluid taken with medications on input
and output chart
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BEHAVIORS TO AVOID DURING
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
1. Do not be distracted when 5.Do not give medications for which
preparing medications expiration date has passed
2.Do not give drugs poured by others 6.Do not use drugs that have sediment,
3.Do not pour drugs from containers are discolored or cloudy.
with labels that are difficult to read 7. Do not leave medications at the
or whose labels are partially bedside
removed 8.Do not give drugs if the client says he
4.Do not pour drugs into the hand has allergies to the drug or drug
group 10/29/2022 21
CLIENT’S RIGHT RELATED TO
MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
To be informed of the medication’s To received labeled medications
name, purpose, action, and safely without discomfort in
potential undesired effects. accordance with the six rights
To refuse a medication regardless of of medication administration
the consequences To have a qualified nurses or
physicians assess medication
history, including allergies
To not receive unnecessary
medication
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MEDICATIONS ERROR
• Wrong patient
• Wrong medication
• Wrong dosage
• Wrong route
• Wrong time
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE DOSE and
ACTION of DRUGS
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Body weight
4. Severity of disease
5.Route of administration
6.Simultaneous administration of
two or more drugs
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MEDICATION ROUTE
Definition:
Medication route refers to the way
that a drug is introduced into
the body.
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ROUTES of ADMINISTRATION
• Oral • Vaginal
• Buccal • Rectal
• Sublingual • Dermal
• Eye (Opthalmic) • Respiratory (Inhalation)
• Ear (Otic) • Nasal
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ROUTES FOR ADMINISTRATION
(TIME UNTIL EFFECT)
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COMMON FORMS OF ORAL
MEDICATIONS
• Tablet Definition:
• Syrup • Oral medication is defined as the
administration of medication by
• Capsules mouth.
• Suspensions
• Solutions
• An adequate amount of water should
be given to lubricate or dissolve the
• Liquids solid medications or to dilute the liquid
forms for swallowing
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ADVANTAGES
1. Easy
2. safe
3. and convenient route
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Delayed action
2. Irritant drugs can not be given
3. Some drugs are destroyed by gastro- intestinal enzymes ex. insulin,
penicillin etc.
4. Absorption may be uncertain
5. Cannot be administered to an unconscious patient
6. Cannot be given to patients having gastrointestinal upset such as
diarrhea and vomiting
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• Verify the medication order using the client’s kardex.
• Check any inconsistencies with Dr. before administration
• Prepare one client’s medication at a time
Liquid medications:
Measure liquid medications by holding the medicine cup at eye level and
reading the level at the bottom of the meniscus.
• One client’s medication at a time
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• Crush pills if the client is unable to swallow them: Place the pill in a pill
crusher and crush the pill until it is in powder form
❖NursingAlert❖
• Do not crush time-release capsules or enteric-coated tablets
• Dissolve substance in water or juice, or mix with applesauce to mask the taste
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TOPICAL DOSE FROMS
(EYE or EARS)
• Ointments • Eye(ophthalmic) medications are
• Solutions put into the eye by means of a
dropper (liquids) or a tube
• Suspensions (ointments).
• Squeeze the amount of
medication as prescribed into the
eye dropper
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EYE DROPPER
• With dominant hand, hold eye dropper ½ to
¾ inch above the eye ball, the rest hand is on
patient forehead to stabilize
• lace non dominant hand on cheek bone and
expose lower conjunctival sac by pulling on
cheek while applying slight pressure to the
inner chantus
• Instruct the patient to look up and drop the
drops into center of conjunctival sac
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• Do not instill medication drops
directly into the cornea
• If the patient blinks and the drops
land on the outer lid or eyelash,
repeat the procedure
• Instruct patient to close and move
eyes gently
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EAR MEDICATIONS
• Ear (otic) medications can be placed into the ear by means of a dropper.
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• Rub the medicine bottle between the palms of your hands or
place in warm water to warm the drops.
• Feel a drop to make sure drops aren't too hot or too cold.
• Ask the child to lie down or sit with the affected ear facing up.
• Observe for any discharge (thick yellow or green substance),
pus (cloudy)
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FOR CHILDREN UNDER 3 Years old
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FOR CHILDREN UNDER >3 Years old
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• Ask the child to remain lying down for
about 1-2 minutes so the medicine will be
absorbed.
• Gently rub the skin in front of the ear to
help the drug flow to the inside of the ear.
• Place a cotton ball in the childʼs affected
ear to avoid leakage of the medicine.
Replace the cotton ball each time the
medicine is given. 10/29/2022 43
VAGINA
• Tablet
• Creams
• Ointments
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RECTAL
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PURPOSE
• Rectal medications are
administered for a localized
effect on the rectum or for a
systemic effect when a
patient is vomiting, unable
to swallow, or unconscious
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ADMINISTERING SUPPOSITORY
• Ensure privacy, covering patient with a • Ask the child to take slow deep
blanket to maintain dignity and prevent breaths to relax the anal
embarrassment
sphincter
• Wash your hands, put on a disposable • Ask patient to hold medication
apron and gloves to reduce the potential for at least 10–15 minutes after
transfer of micro-organisms instillation to enhance
medication absorption
•. Position, keeping lower leg straight and
upper leg bent forward
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TRANSDERMAL PATCH
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MEDICATIONS SENSITIVE TO THE
SUN
• What medications can cause photosensitivity?
• These common medications can make you more sensitive to
the sun:
• Antibiotics,
particularly tetracyclines like doxycycline and fluoroquinolon
es like ciprofloxacin
• Tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline and nortriptyline
• Older antihistamines like promethazine
• Griseofulvin, an antifungal medication 10/29/2022 49
MEDICATIONS SENSITIVE TO THE
SUN
• Quinine and other antimalarial medications
• Acne medications like Accutane (isotretinoin) and Retin-
A (tretinoin)
• Methotrexate, which is used for certain autoimmune conditions
and cancers
• Sulfonylurea drugs for diabetes like glyburide, glipizide,
and glimepiride
• Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and other thiazide diuretics
• Some heart medications for arrhythmia, including amiodarone,
which can cause a blue-gray discoloration of the skin 10/29/2022 50
PROPER DISPOSAL OF MEDICATIONS
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Disposing medicines in household trash: These
include prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in
pills, liquids, drops, patches, and creams
• Remove the drugs from their original containers and mix them
with something undesirable, such as used coffee grounds, dirt,
or cat litter. This makes the medicine less appealing to children
and pets and unrecognizable to someone who might
intentionally go through the trash looking for drugs.
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Disposing medicines in household trash: These
include prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in
pills, liquids, drops, patches, and creams
• Put the mixture in something you can close (a re-sealable zipper storage
bag, empty can, or other container) to prevent the drug from leaking or
spilling out.
• Throw the container in the garbage.
• Scratch out all your personal information on the empty medicine
packaging to protect your identity and privacy. Throw the packaging away.
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MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS in
MEDICATIONS
1. a.c- before meals 9. PO – (per orem) by mouth
2. ATC – Around the clock 10. QID or q.i.d – (L: ‘’quarter in die’’) once a
3. AU – each ear, both ears day
4. BID or b.i.d – (L: ‘’bis in die’’) 11. q_h – (‘’q’’ quaque ‘’h’’ hours) every hours
12. qhs – (L: quaque hora somni) every
5. 2x a day
bedtime
6. Cap – capsule 13. Tab – tablet
7. D/C or DC – discontinue or disscharge 14. TID or t.i.d – (L: ‘’ter in die’’) 3x a day
8. DX – diagnosis 15. TX – treatment, therapy, transplant
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MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS in
MEDICATIONS
1. qod-every other day 11. h.s- at bedtime
2. qAM – each morning 12. npo- nothing by mouth/nothing per orem
3. qPM – each evening 13. prn- as needed
4. R/O – rule out 14. O.D – right eye
5. UA or u/a – urinalysis 15. O.S – left eye
6. U or u – unit 16. O.U – (oculo unitas) both eyes
7. ml – millilitres 17. q.d –each day
8. IU – international units 18. q2h –every 2 hours
9. oz – ounce
19. q3h – every 3 hours
10. L – liters
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Thank you!
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