MATERIAL

TESTING
o Tension/Tensile Testing – PECSON, Jochelle Mae
o Compression Testing – TOLENTINO, Neil Allen
o Coefficient of Thermal Expansion – OFELAS, Vince Francis
o Beam Deflection – CORONADO, John Arvie
o Shear/Torsion Test – MENESES, Marko
MATERIAL TESTING
 determine the physical and mechanical properties of raw materials and components.

 measurement of the characteristics and behavior of such substances as metals, ceramics, or plastics under

various conditions.

Types of Material Testing

o Tension/Tensile Testing
o Compression Testing
o Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
o Beam Deflection
o Shear/Torsion Test
TENSION/TENSILE
TESTING
 static tension test determines the breaking point of the
material and its elongation, designated as strain.

 used to determine:
o YIELD STRENGTH – which is the maximum stress that can be
applied before it begins to change shape permanently.
o ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH – is the maximum stress that a
material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before
breaking
o DUCTILITY – Capacity of a material to deform permanently (e.g.,
stretch, bend, or spread) in response to stress

o STRAIN HARDENING CHARACTERISTICS – process of making a

metal harder and stronger through plastic deformation. ... This
implies that the metal is becoming stronger as the strain
increases.
o YOUNG'S MODULUS - measures the stiffness of a specimen
whereby the material will return to its original condition once
the load has been removed.
FORMULAS TO REMEMBER:

Stress

Strain

Young’s Modulus

Standard shape tensile specimens

FORMULAS TO REMEMBER:

DUCTILITY:
Percentage Elongation

Percentage Area Reduction

a) Calculation of percentage elongation

b) Calculation of percentage reduction of area
WHY IS TENSILE TESTING
PERFORMED?

Selecting materials for an application

Predicting how a material will perform under different forces

Determining whether the requirements of a specification, contract or standard are met

Demonstrating proof of concept for a new product

Proving characteristics for a proposed patent

Providing standard quality assurance data for scientific and engineering functions

Comparing technical data for different material options

Material testing to provide evidence for use in legal proceedings

COMPRESSIO
N
TEST
 INTRODUCTIO
N
 A compression test is a method for determining the behavior of materials under a
compressive load. Compression tests are conducted by loading the test specimen
between two plates, and then applying a force to the specimen by moving the
crossheads together

 During the test, the specimen is compressed, and deformation versus the applied load is
recorded.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

ELASTIC
LIMIT

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT

YIELD POINT

STRAIN
COMPRESSIV
E
STRENGT
H
The compressive strength is
maximum compressive stress
the
a
material is capable of
without fracture. Brittle materials
withstanding
fractur during testing and have
e a compressive strength
value.
definit The compressive strength
ductil
e materials is of
their
e determined
degree of distortion duringby
testing.
 wal

ELASTIC
l
bulldozer

ca

LIMIT r

Elastic limit is the maximum stress

that a material can sustain
without permanent deformation
after removal of the stress.
PROPORTIONAL
LIMIT
The proportional limit is the greatest
amount of stress a material is capable
of reaching without deviating from the
linear relation of the stress-strain
curve The proportional limit stress is
a measure of the onset of plasticity
during monotonic loading
YIELD POINT
The yield point is the stress in a
material (usually less than the maximum
attainable stress) at which an increase
in strain occurs without an increase in
stress. Only certain metals have a
yield point.
STRAI
N size or shape of a material
Strain is the amount of change in
the
due to force.
COEFFICIENT OF
THERMAL
EXPANSION
WHAT IS THE COEFFICIENT OF
THERMAL EXPANSION?
 Is the rate at which the size of a material changes with respect to temperature
change. Size considerations can be made by changes in length, area or volume,
and so there are coefficients derivable for linear, area and volume expansions.
 The unit of measurement for thermal expansion coefficients is the inverse of
temperature, °C-1 or K-1. However, extra dimensions such as cm/cm or
mm²/mm² are added to the unit so that it can be inferred whether the
coefficient is linear, area or volumetric.
WHAT IS THE COEFFICIENT OF
THERMAL EXPANSION?
 When a material is heated, the
molecules begin to agitate more, and
the average distance between them
rises, resulting in the material’s
dimensions expanding. Because of their
atomic bonding and molecular
structures, different materials react to
temperature increases in different ways.
There are various methods to adapt this
material trait to make it beneficial, as
well as other ways to account for it to
avoid catastrophic failure.
MEASUREMENT OF
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION
3 Main methods;
1. Dilatometry
2. Interferometry
3. Thermomechanical analysis
MEASUREMENT OF
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION
3 Main methods;
1. Dilatometry
2. Interferometry
3. Thermomechanical analysis
LENGTH THERMAL
EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
FORMULA
αL area thermal expansion coefficient
 L – area of the object in m²
 Lo- change in area in m²
 ∆T – change in temperature in kelvin
AREA THERMAL EXPANSION
COEFFICIENT FORMULA
αA area thermal expansion coefficient
A – area of the object in m²
Ao- change in area in m²
 ∆T – change in temperature in kelvin
VOLUME THERMAL
EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
FORMULA
αV area thermal expansion coefficient
V – area of the object in m²
Vo- change in area in m²
 ∆T – change in temperature in kelvin
EXAMPLE:
 The main span of San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge is 1275 m long at its coldest. The
bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from −15°C to 40°C . What is its change in length
between these temperatures? Assume that the bridge is made entirely of steel.
Given :
∆T = (40°C-(-15°C)) =55°C
α=

L = 1275m
APPLICATIONS AND
MATERIALS
 Metals are the most common materials that require thermal expansion
coefficient calculations, as thermal expansion is insignificant within small
temperature ranges where other materials would not be damaged. Only metals,
on the other hand, can withstand higher temperatures. There are a variety of
applications where thermal expansion must be taken into account. In some
circumstances, a low CTE of the material employed is desired (for example, in
low-expansion alloys), whereas in others, it is essential to be as high as
feasible (such as in aluminium alloys).
BEAM
DEFLECTION
- CORONADO , John Arvie
BEAM DEFLECTION

 Beam deflection means the state of deformation of a beam

from its original shape under the work of a force or load or
weight. One of the most important applications of beam
deflection is to obtain equations with which we can determine
the accurate values of beam deflections in many practical
cases.
 WHAT IS BEAM?
• Beams support the weight of a building's floors, ceilings and
roofs and to move the load to the framework of a vertical load
bearing element. In order to withstand the combined weight of
stacked walls and transfer the support load, often larger and
heavier beams called transfer beams are used.
FORMULA OF
BEAM
 WHAT IS DEFLECTION?

 Deflection is a crucial consideration in the design of a structure

and failure to apply due attention to it can be catastrophic.
Different types of load can cause deflections. These include point
loads, uniformly distributed loads, wind loads, shear loads as well
as ground pressure and earthquakes, to name but a few.
 TYPES OF DEFLECTION
 Axial deflection refers to the  Angular deflection is the amount of
movement of the expansion deviation from a straight line that
joint regarding changes in the results when a pipe coupling is
dimensional length of the bellows displaced under a load.
parallel to the centerline of the
expansion joint.

 The goal in combined loading is to

 Lateral deflection involves
determine the stresses at a point in a
positioning the flowline end to one
slender structural member subjected
side of the target structure and then
to arbitrary loadings.
pulling it laterally into position.
SHEAR/
TORSION TEST
SHEAR TESTING
 A shear test is designed to apply stress to a test sample so that it experiences a sliding failure
along a plane that is parallel to the forces applied. Generally, shear forces cause one surface of
a material to move in one direction and the other surface to move in the opposite direction so
that the material is stressed in a sliding motion. Shear testing is different from tensile and
compression testing in that the forces applied are parallel to the upper and lower faces of the
object under test. Materials behave differently in shear than in tension or compression,
resulting in different values for strength and stiffness. Shear testing applies a lateral shear
force to the specimen until failure results.
SHEAR TESTING
 Fasteners, such as bolts, may be pulled in single or double shear to SAE or ASTM
specification. A single shear test fixture uses two blades with centrally located transverse
holes. One blade is kept stationary with the fastener in place while the second blade is moved
in a parallel plane, which shears the fastener. Double shear testing uses a second stationary
blade support behind the shearing blade.
 Lap shear testing is performed to determine the shear strength of an adhesive that is applied to
two metal plates and pulled to failure. It can be used to compare between adhesive types or
different lots within the same adhesive. Specimens are cut and prep per ASTM standard prior
to testing.
PURPOSE OF SHEAR TESTING
 The most common use of a shear test is to determine the shear strength, which is the maximum
shear stress that the material can withstand before failure occurs, of a material. This is a very
important design characteristic of many types of fasteners such as bolts and screws. For
example, when a bolt is used to secure two plates together it will experience a shear forces if
the plates themselves experience any forces parallel to their plane that attempt to separate
them. If the small fastener fails in shear it may lead to a chain of failures that could lead to the
entire destruction of a much larger structure.
TYPES OF MATERIALS
TESTED IN SHEAR
 Three materials are commonly tested in shear: rigid substrates, adhesives, and layered
composites. Rigid substrates may be composed of metals, plastics, ceramics, composites or
woods but usually come in a solid form and are used as building materials or fasteners.
Adhesives are used to bond two materials together and experience shear stress when the
materials are pulled in opposing directions in an attempt to slide them apart. Layered
composites experience shear stress in a similar manner to adhesives as the shear forces are
applied to the glue or laminate used to hold the layers together.
ADHESIVES AND LAP SHEAR
TESTING
 A common type of shear test which is frequently carried out on adhesives is known as lap
shear testing. Adhesives are utilized in construction, electronic and aerospace applications.
 They can join parts together by transferring stress from one member (substrate) to another in a
manner that distributes the stress more evenly than can be attained using mechanical fasteners.
THREE COMMON SPECIFICATIONS FOR LAP
SHEAR TESTING ARE:

• ASTM D3164 – Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesively Bonded Plastic
Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear by Tension Loading
• For substrates that have been joined by plastic rather than adhesive
• ASTM D3163 – Standard Test Method for Determining Strength of Adhesively Bonded Rigid
Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Tension Loading
• For utilization with rigid plastic substrates
• ASTM D1002 – Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint
Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading
• For metal substrates that are bonded by an adhesive
 SHEAR TEST MACHINES
 Your first step to choosing the correct shear tester is to determine your specimen geometry, size
and strength characteristics. The next step is to decide the test data you want which will help
confirm the best controller and test software for your test, and if you need an extensometer.
 100 SERIES MODULAR SHEAR
TEST MACHINES
 100 Series Electromechanical Shear Test Machines are
modular tabletop systems ideal for shear tests requiring
load capacities up to 10 kN (2,250 lbf). This affordable
series includes five lightweight load frames and four
actuators that deliver different force/speed capacities.
The 100 Series is our most flexible series, making them
a popular choice.
 200 SERIES SINGLE COLUMN
SHEAR TEST MACHINES
 200 Series Single Column Shear Test Machines
are capable of performing shear, compression, and
tensile testing applications and feature higher
travel and faster speed than the 100 Series. They
are available with force capacities up to 5 kN
(1,125 lbf) and speeds up to 2,500 mm/min (100
ipm). 200 Series load frames are compact and
lightweight and apply to situations where lab table
space is limited.
 300 SERIES HIGH FORCE
SHEAR TEST MACHINES
 The 300 Series Electromechanical Shear Test
Machines are the best choice for performing static
compression applications at forces between 1 kN
and 600 kN (225 lbf and 135 kip). These dual
column testers are available in both tabletop and
floor standing models which can perform a variety
of other tests including Tensile, Bend, Bond,
Flexural, Fracture, Peel, Shear, Tear, Stress
Relaxation, and Short term Creep tests.
TORSION TEST
 Torsion testing is a type of mechanical testing that evaluates the properties of materials or
devices while under stress from angular displacement. Torsion testing can be split into two
distinct categories: testing raw materials like metal wires or plastic tubing to determine
properties such as shear strength and modulus, or functional testing of finished products
subjected to torsion, such as screws, pharmaceutical bottles, and sheathed cables. The most
common mechanical properties measured by torsion testing are modulus of elasticity in
shear, yield shear strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear, and ductility.
WHY PERFORM A TORSION
TEST
 Many products and components are subjected to torsional forces during their
operation. Torsion testing is necessary when engineers wish to change or update the materials
used in these products. For example, the metal used in vehicle drive trains experiences a
complex combined loading when in use, with torsion being the main component.  An engineer
trying to design a more fuel-efficient vehicle may need to change the material of the driveshaft
in order to reduce vehicle weight. Torsional testing can help the engineer identify an
appropriate material that will possess the required torsional strength while also contributing to
the goal of light weighting.
 Many finished products are also subjected to torsional forces during their operation. Products
such as biomedical tubing, switches, and fasteners are just a few devices subjected to torsional
stresses in their everyday use. By testing their products in torsion, manufacturers are able to
simulate real life service conditions, check product quality, verify designs, and ensure proper
manufacturing techniques.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TORSION TEST
 Torsion tests can be performed by applying only a rotational motion or by applying both axial
(tension or compression) and torsional forces. Types of torsion testing vary from product to product
but can usually be classified as failure, proof, or product operation testing.
• Torsion Only: Applying only torsional loads to the test specimen.
• Axial-Torsion: Applying both axial (tension or compression) and torsional forces to
the test specimen.
• Failure Testing: Twisting the product, component, or specimen until failure. Failure
can be classified as either a physical break or a kink/defect in the specimen.
• Proof Testing: Applying a torsional load and holding this torque load for a fixed
amount of time.
• Functional Testing: Testing complete assemblies or products such as bottle caps,
switches, dial pens, or steering columns to verify that the product performs as
expected under torsion loads.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
TORSION TESTING MATERIALS?

 Many materials experience torques or torsional forces in their applications and so will benefit
from or require torsion testing. Materials used in structural, biomedical and automotive
applications are among the more common materials to experience torsion in their applications.
These materials may be composed of metals, plastics, woods, polymers, composites, or
ceramics among others and commonly take the forms of fasteners, rods, beams, tubes and
wires.
WHAT ARE THE COMMON TORSION TEST
STANDARDS?

• ASTM A938 Torsional Test of Wire

• ASTM E2207 Axial-Torsional Fatigue Thin-Walled Tubular Materials Test Equipment
• ASTM F383 Static Bend and Torsion Testing of Intramedullary Rods
• ASTM F543 Medical Bone Screw Torsion Test Equipment
• ISO 6475 Bone Screw Torsion Test Methods | Equipment
• ISO 7800 Metal Wire Torsion test
• ISO 80369-1 Axial Torsional Luer Connector Test Equipment