Chapter 4 Frequency Modulation Simple

Chapter 4
FREQUENCY
MODULATION
Chapter objectives:
1. Define and explain the processes of
frequency modulation (FM) and phase
modulation(PM) and state their
differences.
2. Calculate the modulation index given

the maximum deviation and maximum
modulating frequency, determine the
significant number of sidebands in an FM
signal, and calculate the bandwidth of
an FM signal.
3. Define pre-emphasis and de-
emphasis, state the benefits and
show how they are accomplished.
4. Name the advantages and

disadvantages of FM and PM
compared to AM.
4.1 Frequency Modulation Principles
• A sine wave carrier can be modified

FM for the purpose of transmitting
information from one place to
another by varying its frequency
• Carrier amplitude remain
In FM constant
• As the amplitude of the

In information signal varies, the
FM carrier frequency will shift in
promotion.
Frequency deviation (fd) is the amount of change in carrier
frequency produced by the modulating signal.
The frequency deviation rate is how many times per second

the carrier frequency deviates above or below its center
frequency.
The frequency of the modulating signal determines the

frequency deviation rate.
FM and PM signals. The carrier is drawn as a
triangular wave for simplicity, but in practice it is a
sine wave. (a) Carrier. (b) Modulating signal. (c) FM
signal. (d) PM signal.
4-2 Phase
Modulation (PM)
Verifying the amount of

phase shift that a
carrier experience in
accordance with
modulating signal.
produces
PhaseFrequency
Modulation
Modulation
-time separation
Phase between two sine
shift waves of the same
frequency
2 Phase Shifter
Lagging
• carrier output is delayed
Leading
• carrier sine wave speeded-up or
compressed
Frequency deviation as a function of
(a) modulating signal amplitude and
(b) modulating signal frequency.
Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
Noise is interference generated by lightning, motors,
automotive ignition systems, and power line switching
that produces transient signals.
Noise is typically narrow spikes of voltage with high

frequencies.
Noise (voltage spikes) add to a signal and interfere with it.
Some noise completely obliterates signal information.

Noise-Suppression Effects of FM
Figure 5-11: An FM signal with noise.

FM signals have a constant modulated carrier amplitude.
FM receivers contain limiter circuits that deliberately

restrict the amplitude of the received signal.
Any amplitude variations occurring on the FM signal are

effectively clipped by limiter circuits.
This amplitude clipping does not affect the information

content of the FM signal, since it is contained solely within
the frequency variations of the carrier.
PRE-EMPHASIS
Noise can interfere with an FM signal and particularly with
the high-frequency components of the modulating signal.
Noise is primarily sharp spikes of energy and contains a lot

of harmonics and other high-frequency components.
To overcome high-frequency noise, a technique known as

pre-emphasis is used.
A simple high-pass filter can serve as a transmitter’s pre-

emphasis circuit.
Pre-emphasis provides more amplification of only high-

frequency components.
Figure 5-13 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. (a) Pre-emphasis circuit.
Pre-emphasis
A simple low-pass filter can operate as a de-emphasis
circuit in a receiver.
A de-emphasis circuit returns the frequency response to

its normal flat level.
The combined effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is

to increase the signal-to-noise ratio for the high-
frequency components during transmission so that they
will be stronger and not masked by noise.
Figure 5-13 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. (c) De-emphasis circuit.
Frequency Modulation versus
Amplitude Modulation
• FM typically offers some significant

benefits over AM.
• FM has superior immunity to noise, made
possible by clipper limiter circuits in the
Advantage receiver.
• In FM, interfering signals on the same
s of FM frequency are rejected. This is known as
the capture effect.
• FM signals have a constant amplitude and
there is no need to use linear amplifiers to
increase power levels. This increases
transmitter efficiency.
• FM uses considerably more frequency
spectrum space.
• FM has used more complex circuitry
for modulation and demodulation.
• In the past, the circuits used for
frequency modulation and
Disadvantage demodulation involved were
s of FM complex. With the proliferation of ICs,
complex circuitry used in FM has all
but disappeared. ICs are inexpensive
and easy to use. FM and PM have
become the most widely used
modulation method in electronic
communication today.
Major applications of AM and FM
Modulation Index and Sidebands
When a The bandwidth

Side
constant- of an FM signal
frequencies
Any frequency sine is usually much
are the sum
modulation wave wider than
and difference
process modulates a that of an AM
of the carrier
produces carrier, two signal with the
and
sidebands. side same
modulating
frequencies modulating
frequency.
are produced. signal.
Modulation Index
• The ratio of the frequency deviation to the
modulating frequency is known as the
modulation index (mf).
• In most communication systems using FM,
maximum limits are put on both the
frequency deviation and the modulating
frequency.
• In standard FM broadcasting, the maximum
permitted frequency deviation is 75 kHz and
the maximum permitted modulating
frequency is 15 kHz.
• The modulation index for standard FM
broadcasting is therefore 5.
FM Signal Bandwidth
• The higher the modulation index in
FM, the greater the number of
significant sidebands and the wider
the bandwidth of the signal.
• When spectrum conservation is
necessary, the bandwidth of an FM
signal can be restricted by putting an
upper limit on the modulation index.
END

Chapter 4 Frequency Modulation Simple

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4 Frequency Modulation Simple

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4 Frequency Modulation Simple

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4

2. Calculate the modulation index given

4. Name the advantages and

• A sine wave carrier can be modified

• As the amplitude of the

The frequency deviation rate is how many times per second

The frequency of the modulating signal determines the

Verifying the amount of

Noise is typically narrow spikes of voltage with high

Noise (voltage spikes) add to a signal and interfere with it.

Some noise completely obliterates signal information.

Figure 5-11: An FM signal with noise.

FM receivers contain limiter circuits that deliberately

Any amplitude variations occurring on the FM signal are

This amplitude clipping does not affect the information

Noise is primarily sharp spikes of energy and contains a lot

To overcome high-frequency noise, a technique known as

A simple high-pass filter can serve as a transmitter’s pre-

Pre-emphasis provides more amplification of only high-

A de-emphasis circuit returns the frequency response to

The combined effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis is

• FM typically offers some significant

When a The bandwidth

You might also like