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    Active Filters

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    Jean Paul Rousselin
    Active filters consist of op-amps and passive elements like resistors and capacitors. They are useful for frequencies below 1MHz and provide power gain. The four main types are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters depending on which frequencies they allow or reject. Low-pass filters allow low frequencies and reject high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. High-pass filters do the opposite by allowing high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. Band-pass filters allow a band of frequencies between lower and upper cut-off frequencies, while band-stop filters reject a band of frequencies.

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    Active Filters

    Uploaded by

    Jean Paul Rousselin
    55 views11 pages
    Active filters consist of op-amps and passive elements like resistors and capacitors. They are useful for frequencies below 1MHz and provide power gain. The four main types are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters depending on which frequencies they allow or reject. Low-pass filters allow low frequencies and reject high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. High-pass filters do the opposite by allowing high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. Band-pass filters allow a band of frequencies between lower and upper cut-off frequencies, while band-stop filters reject a band of frequencies.

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    Active filters consist of op-amps and passive elements like resistors and capacitors. They are useful for frequencies below 1MHz and provide power gain. The four main types are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters depending on which frequencies they allow or reject. Low-pass filters allow low frequencies and reject high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. High-pass filters do the opposite by allowing high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. Band-pass filters allow a band of frequencies between lower and upper cut-off frequencies, while band-stop filters reject a band of frequencies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    55 views11 pages

    Active Filters

    Uploaded by

    Jean Paul Rousselin
    Active filters consist of op-amps and passive elements like resistors and capacitors. They are useful for frequencies below 1MHz and provide power gain. The four main types are low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters depending on which frequencies they allow or reject. Low-pass filters allow low frequencies and reject high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. High-pass filters do the opposite by allowing high frequencies above the cut-off frequency. Band-pass filters allow a band of frequencies between lower and upper cut-off frequencies, while band-stop filters reject a band of frequencies.

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    Active Filters

    Types of Active Filters


    • A filter can be either passive or active.
    • Passive filters are built with resistors, capacitors and inductors. They are generally used above
    1MHz and have no power gain.
    • Active filters consist of active element like op-amp(s) along with passive elements like resistor(s)
    and capacitor(s). They are useful below 1MHz and have power gain.

    • Advantages of Active Filters:


    i) Flexibility in Gain and Frequency Adjustment : 
    The op-amp gain can be easily controlled in the closed loop hence input signal is not attenuated and
    easily tuned.
    ii) No Loading Effect : The op-amp has high input impedance and low output impedance.
    iii) Cost : Due to availability of modern ICs, a variety of cheaper op-amps are available.

    • Active filters are classified into four types based on the band of frequencies that they allow or
    reject:
    o Active Low Pass Filter
    o Active High Pass Filter
    o Active Band Pass Filter
    o Active Band Stop Filter
    Active Low Pass Filter

    If an active filter allows only low frequency components and blocks all


    other high frequency components above the cut-off frequency, it is called
    an active low pass filter.
    It has the output of a passive low pass filter as an input to the non-inverting
    terminal of op-amp. Hence, its output,
    Vo = (1+R2/R1)Vi. fH = 1/2πR3C1
    Practically, the gain of the filters decreases as the frequency increases and
    at f = fc, the gain is down by 3 dB and after fc, it decreases at a higher rate.
    After the transition band, the gain becomes zero.
    Active High Pass Filter

    An active filter allows only high frequency components and rejects all other


    low frequency components below the cut off frequency, then it is called
    an active high pass filter. The input of a non-inverting terminal of op-amp is
    the output of passive high pass filter. The cut-off frequency, fL = 1/2πR3C1
    The frequency response of high pass filters: fL is the low cut off frequency.
    The range of frequency 0 < f < fL is the stopband where f is the operating
    frequency. While the range of frequency f > fL is the passband.
    Active Band Pass Filter

    An active filter which allows only one band of frequencies, is called as


    an active band pass filter. In general, this frequency band lies between low
    frequency range and high frequency range. So, active band pass filter rejects
    both low and high frequency components. There are two parts in the circuit
    diagram of active band pass filter: The first part is an active high pass filter,
    follows by an active low pass filter.
    Active Band Stop Filter

    If an active filter rejects a particular band of frequencies, then it is called as


    an active band stop filter. In general, this frequency band lies between low
    frequency range and high frequency range. So, active band stop filter allows
    both low and high frequency components.
    Band Pass Filter
    • A bandpass filter is useful to tune in a radio or telephone signal. With a
    bandpass filter, the passband is all the frequencies between the lower and
    upper cut-off frequencies.
    • The bandwidth, BW is the difference between the upper and lower 3dB cut-
    off frequencies. BW = fc2 – fc1
    • The centre frequency, fo is given by the geometric average of the two cut-off
    frequencies. fo = √(fc1fc2)
    • The Q of a bandpass filter is defined as the centre frequency divided by the bandwidth.
    Q = fo
    BW
    • When Q is greater than 10, the centre frequency is approximated by the
    arithmetic average of the cut-off frequencies
    fo = fc1 + fc2
    2
    • When Q is less than 1, the bandpass filter is called a wideband filter.
    • When Q is greater than 1, the filter is called a narrowband filter.
    Classwork
    1. Calculate the cut-off frequency of a first order low-pass filter for
    R3=1.2KΩ and C1=0.02µF. Ans: 6.63KHz

    2. Calculate the cut-off frequency and the gain of a second-order high-pass


    filter for R3=R4=2.1KΩ, C1=C2=0.05µF and R1= 10KΩ, R2=50KΩ.
    Draw the circuit diagram of the second-order filter.
    Ans: 6, 1.5KHz

    3. . Calculate the cut-off frequencies of a band-pass filter for R3= R4=10KΩ


    C1= 0.1µF and C2=0.002µF.
    Ans: 159.15KHz, 7.96KHz
    Advantages over Passive Filters

    • Elimination of bulky inductors, hence reduce size


    • Variable gain can be achieved
    • Tuning of filter is possible over a wide range without changing its frequency
    response
    • Sharp roll-off beyond pass band can be achieved
    • Isolate the load from the source because of high input impedance and low output
    impedance

    Common active filter designs are:


    • Butterworth filters
    • Chebyshev filters
    • Bessel filters

    Each of the above types of filter design have their own specific features.
    Butterworth filters

    • Butterworth filter is the most popular one and also known as maximally
    flat filter, because it has a flat frequency response in the passband.
    • Butterworth filter rolls-off towards zero with a rate of -20 dB/decade for a
    first-order filter and for a second-order, it is -40 dB/decade.
    Butterworth filters

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