INTRODUCTION TO

FIRST AID & BASIC LIFE

SUPPORT
First Aid
Is immediate help provided to a sick person until
professional medical help arrives or becomes
available.

Scope and limatation

 First aid does not imply medical
treatment and is by no means to
replacement for it.
Basic life support

 Are emergency procedure that consist

of recognizing respiratory or cardiac
arrest or both and the proper application
of CPR to maintain life until a victim
recovers or advanced life suppoort is
available
Objective of first aid

 First aid aims to accomplish the

following goals:
 Preserve life.
 Prevent further harm and
complications.
 Seek immediate medical help.
 Provide reassurance.
Legal concerns

 Consent
 Duty to act
 Negligence
 Abandonment
 confidentiality
Health hazards and risk

Common transmittable deseases

 Herpes
 Meningitis
 Tuberculosis
 Human immune defciency
virus(HIV)/Acquired immune
deficiency syndrome(AIDS)
Disease transmission-Infectious disease
are those that can spread from one person
to another through the following ways:

•Direct contact.
•Indirect contact.
•Airborne transmission.
•Bites.
Prevention and protection

 Universal precautions - are set of strategies developed

to prevent transmission of blood borne pathogens.
 Body Substance Isolation (BSI) – are precautions
taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure from body
secretions and any type of body substance such as
urine, vomit, faeces,sweat, or sputum.
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)- is specialized
clothing, equipment and supplies that keep you from
directly contacting infected materials.
 EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

Scene Size Up
I. Scene Safety
II. Knowing What Happened
 Cause of injury
 Nature of illness
III. Role of bystanders
IV. Number of casualties
V. Asking permission or consent
To obtain consent, do the following:
• Identify yourself to the victim
• State your level of training.
• Ask the victim whether you may help.
• Explain what you observe.
• Explain what you plan to do.
 PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
Assessing Responsiveness
A patients`s response level can be summarized
in the AVPU
A-Alert
V-Responsive to Voice
P- Responsive to Pain
U-Unresponsive/Unconscious
Primarry assessment can be
done with the patient in the
position in which you find him or
her, and begins with checking
the patient`s responsive.
 . Activate Medical Help
II

• Ask someone to call for local emergency

number and get an
Automared External Defifrillator (AED)
Call First or Care First
If you are ALONE, it is important to know
when to call during emergencies.
Call First situations are likely to be cardiac
emergencies, where time is a critical factor.
In Care First situations, the condition often
are related to breathing emergenciaes.
Information to be remembered in activating
medical help:

• What happened?
• Location of emergency?
• Number of person injured or ill?
• Cause and extent of injury and nature of illness
• and first aid given?
• Telephone number from where call is made?
• Name of person who called medical help(person
must identify him/herself and hang up
the phone last.)
III. Airway
An open airway allows air to enter the lungs
for the person to breathe. If the airway is
blocked, the person cannot breathe.
IV. Breathing
While maintaining an open airway, quickly
check an unconcious person for breathing by
doing the LLF technique for no more than 10
second.
V. Circulation

• Pulse
Check for definite pulse at carotid area
for adult or child, while brachial for infant
(Applicable for Professional Rescuers
and Healthcare Providers).

• Bleeding
Quickly look foe severe bleeding by looking
over the person`s body from head to toe for
Signals such as blood-soaked clothing or
blood spurting out of a wound.
• Shock
If left untreated, shock can lead to death
Always look for the signals of shocks whenever
you are giving care.

• Skin Color, Temperature and Moisture.

Assessment of skin temperature, color,
and condition can tell you more about the
patient`s circulatory system.
 SECONDARY ASSESSMENT

If you determine that an injured or ill person

is not in an immediately life-breathing
Condition, you can begin to check for other
that may need care.
• Interviewing the person and bystands
• Checking the person from head to toe.
• Checking for vital signs.
 To gain essential information about
the patient`s medical history, ask the
patient question based on SAMPLE
approach;
• S – Signs and symptoms
• A - Allergies
• M – Medications
• P – Pertinent past medical history
• L – Last intake and output
• E – Events leading up to the injury or
illness
 COMMON EMERGENCIES
Chain of Survival

Adult Chain of Survival

1.Early Access
2.Early Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
3.Early Defibrillation
4.Early Advance Cardiac Life Support
5.Post Cardiac Arrest Care
 Pediatric Chain of Survival

1.Early Prevention
2.Early Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
3.Early Access
4.Early Pediatric Life Support
5.Post Cardiac Arrest Care
Heart Attack
Also called myocardial infarction occurs when
the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is
reduced causing damage to the heart muscle
and preventing blood from circulating
effectively. It is usually caused by coronary
heart disease.
The term “angina pectorias” means
literally “ constriction
of the chest” Angina occurs when
coronary arteries, which supply the
heart muscle with blood, become
narrowed and cannot carry sufficient
blood to meet increased demands
during exertion or excitement.
 Signs and Symptoms
What to Look for:
• Chest pain, discomfort or pressure.
• Pain may be associated from discomfort to
unbearable crushing sensation in the chest.
• Person may describe it as pressure,
squeezing, tightness, aching or heaviness in
the the chest
• Some individual may not show signals at all.
 Signs and Symptoms
What to do:
• Have patient stop what he or she is dong
and sit or lie him/her down in a comfortable
position. Do not let him/her to move around.
• Have someone call the physician
or ambulance for help.
• If patient is under medical care,
• assist him/her in taking his/her prescribed
medecine/s.
Cardiac Arrest
Is a condition occurs when the heart stops and
no blood circulaters thruthe blood vessels
and vital organs are deprived of oxygen

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
Is a combination of chest compression and
rescue breathing
 CRITERIA FOR NOT STARTING
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
All patients in cardiac arrest receive
resuscitation unless:
• The patient has a valid Do Not Attempt
Resuscitation (DNAR) order]
• The patient has signs of irreversible
death: rigor mortis, decapitation, or
dependent lividity.
TABLE OF COMPARISON ON CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATIONFOR ADULT, CHILD AND INFANT
ACTION ADULT CHILD (1-2 INFANT (UNDER
(13 YEARS OLD YEARS OLD) 1 YEAR OLD)
AND ABOVE)
COMPRESSION Center of the chest (on lower Center of the
AREA half of sternum) chest (on lower
half of sternum,
just below nipple
line)
DEPTH At least 2 inches About 2 About 1 ½ inches
(5cm) inches (5cm) (4cm)
How To 2 Heel of (0ne Heel of 1 2 fingers (middle
Compress hand on top of hand or 2 & ring fingertips)
the other) hands
Rate(speed) At least 100 compressions per minute
Compression/ 30.2 30.2 for 1 rescuer
Ventilation 1 or 2 rescuers 15.2 for rescuers
Ratio
 ACTION ADULT CHILD (1- INFANT
(13 YEARS 2 YEARS (UNDER 1
OLD AND OLD) YEAR OLD)
ABOVE)
Ways to Mouth-to-Mouth Mouth-to-Mouth
&Nose
Ventilate Mouth-to-Nose
Protective equipment to
ventilate:
Face Shield; Face Mask and Bag
Valve Mask (BVM)
Ventilatio Until the chest rises (about 1
n second per ventilation)
 ACTION ADULT CHILD (1- INFANT
(13 YEARS 2 YEARS (UNDER 1
OLD AND OLD) YEAR OLD)
ABOVE)
Number of 5 cycles 5 cycles for 1 rescuer
Cycles Per 1 or 2 10 cycles for 2
Two rescuers rescuers
Minute
Counting for 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*10*
Standardiza 11*12*13*14*15*16*17*18*19*20*
tion 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*and 1
Purposes Then breath, breath
(...up to 5 cycles)
Chest compression only (Hands only)CPR
Is done if a person is unwilling or unable to
perform ventilation.

Chest compression only (Hands only) CPR is

recommended only in the following circumtances:
1.When a rescuer is unwilling or unable to
perform mouth-to-mouth or rescue breathing.
2.For use in dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions
where the simplicity of this modified technique
allow untrained bystanders to rapidly intervene.
 When to STOP cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)

• Spontaneous signs of breathing and

circulation.
• Turned over to professional provider.
• Operator is exhausted.
• Physician assumes responsibilty.
• Scene become unsafe.
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

AEDs are computerized devices that are

Attached to a pulseless victim with
adhesive pads.They will recommend shock
delivery only if a victim`s heart rhythm is one
that a shock can treat. AEDs give rescuer visual
and voice prompts to guide rescuer actions.
This must be used for effective
resuscitation for patient of cardiac
arrest. In many cases however, CPR
alone cannot correct the underlying
heart problem: defibrillation delivered
by an AED is needed, the electical
impulse allows the heart to develop
spontaneous effective rhythm on its
own.
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
Is a common initial rhythm in witness sudden
cardiac arrest. It occurs when the bheart has
rapid, uncoordinated, ineffective contractions
and does not pump blood.

Defibrillation
Is the treatment of irregular, sporadic, or absent
heart rhythms by aqn electrical current to the
heart.
• The most effective treatment for VF is
electrical defibrillation.
• The probability of successful defibrillation
decreases quality over time.
• VF deteriorates to asystole if not treated.