Energy and Respiration

Fundamental Biology
Energy and
respiration
z
Concept:
Instructor: Le Thi Van Anh Cell as a functional
unit of life
[email protected]
Learning
z outcomes
By the end of this lesson, students are able to:
 Describe the role of ATP as the universal energy curency
 Explain how the structure of mitochondrion fit for its function
 List the main steps of respiration process
 Compare how respiration takes place in aerobic and anaerobic

conditions.
 Study by them self to describe how rice plants are adapted for
growing with their roots submerged in water
Introduction
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What is the respiration?
What is oxygen is used for in the body?

CO2
Where does the CO2 come from?
O2
Gas exchange
Introduction
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What is the respiration?
CO2
CO2 O2
O2
- Metabolic reactions in cell

- Convert chemical energy
Gas exchange from nutrient to ATP
ATP (Adenosine
z Triphosphate)
ATP as energy currency
- Store high energy

- Easy to release
ATP zas energy currency
I’d like 500g of potato, pls!
Glucose:
ATP:
- high energy Change money
be used immediately
- difficult to use Respiration
immediately
Definition
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Process to oxidize the glucose into CO2 and liberate

the energy stored in the ATP molecule
4 steps
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to oxidize totally
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Step 1:
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Definition: the oxidation process of glucose (C6) to pyruvate (C3)

(spliting sugar)
Steps: Glucose (C6) + ATP fructose 1,6 diphosphate (C6)
Fructose 1,6 diphosphate pyruvate (C3) + ATP

Glycolysis
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Input: 1 glucose
Output: 2 pyruvates
2ATPs
2 NADH
Take place in cytoplasm
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z
Krebs zcycle: occurring in Mitochondria
Pyruvate oxidation - Krebs cycle
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Pyruvate oxidation
Krebsz cycle
Input: 1 Pyruvate
Output: 3 CO2
1 FADH2
4 NADH
1 ATP
Electron
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transport chain
Electron
z
transport chain
Electron
z
transport chain
Transfer electron from high to
low electron energy gradually
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cause releasing energy. This
energy help pumping proton from
matrix to inter-membrane space
Electron transfer “go down”

according to the increase of
electro-negativity (decrease of
electron energy).
Electron
z
transport chain
z
z
C6 – C3 – C2
C4 C6
z Glycolysis: 1 glucose – 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP
Link reaction: Pyruvate – CO2 + Acetyl CoA + NADH
Krebs: Acetyl CoA – 2 CO2 + 1 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2
ETC: NADH + FADH2 + O2 – ATP + H2O
CO2 3 NADH = 3 ATP

1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
Krebs cycle
C5 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 NADH = 30ATP
2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
CO2 ETC: 34 ATP
C4
Given image the steps of respiration. Put the correct
information
z corresponding to each number.
1
2 3
4 5
Given image the steps of respiration. Put the correct
information
z corresponding to each number.
1
2
5
Respiration without oxygen (anaerobic)
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Alcoholic fermentation Lactic fermentation
Compare to the aerobic respiration (in present of oxygen)?

Respiration without oxygen (anaerobic – kị khí)
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Glycolysis: 1 glucose – 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

Pyruvate – Ethanal (C2) + 1CO2
Ethanal + NADH - Ethanol (C2)
Wine:
Alcohol
Fermentation for both: grapes/rice + yeast

Filtre, autoclave = wine
Disolve in water, distillation (chưng cất)
Alcoholic fermentation
Compare to the aerobic hiếu khí respiration (in present of oxygen)?

Aerobic Vs Anaerobic respiration
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Glycolysis: 1 glucose – 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP Glycolysis: 1 glucose – 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
Link reaction: 2Pyruvate – 2CO2 + 2Acetyl CoA + 2NADH 2Pyruvate (C3) – 2Ethanal (C2) + 2CO2
Krebs: 2Acetyl CoA – 4CO2 + 2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 2Ethanal + 2 NADH – 2 Ethanol (C2)
ETC: 10NADH + 2FADH2 + O2 – 34 ATP + H2O
1 glucose + O2 – 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP 1 glucose – 2 CO2 + 2 Ethanol + 2ATP
NADH go to ETC for oxidation, release 34ATP NADH is used as reducing molecule, provide the H+ for
ethanol production
Final product: CO2 – totally oxidized The final product: C2 (organic compound) – partly
oxidized
38 ATP ATP released: 2ATP

Eukaryotic cell (animal, plant) Yeast/ bacteria
Respiration without oxygen (anaerobic – kị khí)
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Glycolysis: 1 glucose – 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + NADH
2Pyruvate + 2NADH – lactate (C2) + 2CO2
Lacto-bacillus bacteria
Lactic fermentation
Compare to the aerobic hiếu khí respiration (in present of oxygen)?

Adaptations of rice for wet environments
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Cross section of rice root Cross section of rice stem

Respiration without oxygen in mammalian muscle
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In mammalian muscles when deprived of oxygen, pyruvate acts as the

hydrogen acceptor and is converted to lactate by the enzyme lactate
dehydrogenase (named after the reverse reaction, which it also catalyses).
Again, the NAD is released and allows glycolysis to continue in anaerobic
conditions. This pathway, known as lactic fermentation. However, as the
products of anaerobic reaction, lactate is toxic and can cause the pain
felling in the musle. The lactate pathway can be reversed in mammals.
Lactate is carried by the blood plasma to the liver and converted back to
pyruvate. The liver oxidises some (20%) of the incoming lactate to
carbon dioxide and water via aerobic respiration when oxygen is
available again. The remainder of the lactate is converted by the liver to
glycogen.
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Unit 1: cell structure – structural unit

Unit 2:
Unit 3: cell cycle – functional unit – for reproduction
Unit 4: respiration - functional unit – for energy production
Summary
z – Take home message
Cell is a basic functional unit of life because:
- Cell produces energy for every activities of the body
- The glucose oxidation in cell is much more efficient than out of cell
- From 1 glucose molecule, energy is produced gradually during 4
steps of cellular respiration.
- Energy produced during cellular respiration is stored in ATP – the
energy currency of every living organism.
- In absence of oxygen, the anaerobic respiration can be replaced,
but liberate less energy.
z matrix
cytoplasm

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Fundamental Biology

 Describe the role of ATP as the universal energy curency

 Explain how the structure of mitochondrion fit for its function

 List the main steps of respiration process

 Compare how respiration takes place in aerobic and anaerobic

What is the respiration?

What is oxygen is used for in the body?

What is the respiration?

- Metabolic reactions in cell

- Store high energy

Process to oxidize the glucose into CO2 and liberate

Definition: the oxidation process of glucose (C6) to pyruvate (C3)

Steps: Glucose (C6) + ATP fructose 1,6 diphosphate (C6)

Fructose 1,6 diphosphate pyruvate (C3) + ATP

Electron transfer “go down”

CO2 3 NADH = 3 ATP

Alcoholic fermentation Lactic fermentation

Compare to the aerobic respiration (in present of oxygen)?

Glycolysis: 1 glucose – 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

Fermentation for both: grapes/rice + yeast

Compare to the aerobic hiếu khí respiration (in present of oxygen)?

1 glucose + O2 – 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP 1 glucose – 2 CO2 + 2 Ethanol + 2ATP

38 ATP ATP released: 2ATP

Glycolysis: 1 glucose – 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + NADH

2Pyruvate + 2NADH – lactate (C2) + 2CO2

Compare to the aerobic hiếu khí respiration (in present of oxygen)?

Cross section of rice root Cross section of rice stem

In mammalian muscles when deprived of oxygen, pyruvate acts as the

Unit 1: cell structure – structural unit

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