Group 3 Report in Nutrition
Group 3 Report in Nutrition
Group 3 Report in Nutrition
ACROSS LIFE
SPAN
Members
Amador,
Don, Pamela Butalon, Obiado,
Krishia
Rose Jercel Beverly
Karina
Members
Tagaro, Rosada,
Restihel Jim Analyn Joy
Nutrition in pregnancy and
lactation
-Nutrition and pregnancy refers to the nutrient intake, and dietary planning that is undertaken
before, during, and after pregnancy.
-Nutrition of fetus begins at conception. For this reason, the nutrition of the mother is important
from before conception as well as throughout pregnancy and breast feeding.
PRENATAL VITAMINS
-Prenatal vitamins are supplements that contain daily vitamins and
minerals you need before and during your pregnancy. Folic acid is the most
important vitamin to take when planning a pregnancy. Folic acid is a B
vitamin that cells in your body need for growing and
developing.
MOST IMPORTANT NUTRIENTS DURING PREGNANCY
1.Folic Acid
2.Iron
3.Calcium
4.Vitamin D
5.DHA
6.Iodine
1. FOLIC ACID
-Folic acid is a B Vitamin that every cell in your body needs for healthy growth and
development. Taking folic acid before and during early pregnancy can help prevent birth
defects of the brain and spine called NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDs). Some studies
show that taking folic acid may help prevent heart defects and birth defects in your baby’s
mouth called CLEFT LIP AND PALATE.
2. IRON
-Iron is a mineral. Your body uses iron to make hemoglobin, a protein that helps carry
oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. You need twice as much iron during
pregnancy. Your body needs this iron to make more blood so it can carry oxygen to your
baby. Your body needs iron to make his own blood. During pregnancy you need 27
milligrams of iron each day.
3. CALCIUM
-Calcium is a mineral that helps your body’s bones, teeth,
heart, muscles and nerves develop. During pregnancy, you
need 1,000 milligrams of calcium each day. You can get
this amount by taking your prenatal vitamins and eating
food that has a lot of calcium in it.
4. VITAMIN D
-Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. It also helps
your body’s nerves, muscles and immune system work.
Your immune system protects your body from infection.
Vitamin D helps your body’s bones and teeth grow.
During pregnancy you need 600 IU (International Units)
of vitamin D each day. You can get this amount from food
or your prenatal vitamin
5. DHA
-DHA(docosahexaenoic acid) is a kind of fat called
omega-3 fatty acid that helps with growth and
development. During pregnancy, you need DHA to help
your baby’s brain and eyes develop. Not all prenatal
vitamins contain DHA, so ask your provider if you need to
take a DHA supplement. During pregnancy, it is
recommended that women eat 8-12 ounces of seafood
low in mercury each week.
6. Iodine
-Iodine is a mineral your body needs to make thyroid
hormones, which help your body use and store energy
from food. You need iodine during pregnancy to help
baby’s nervous system develop. The nervous system helps
your baby move, think and feel. During pregnancy, you
need 220 micrograms of iodine everyday. Not all prenatal
vitamins contain iodine, so make sure you eat foods that
have iodine in them.
Nutrition in Infancy
Infant – refers to a person not more than 12, months age.
FATS
- Whole cow’s milk contains satisfactory levels of essential FATTY ACIDS,
LINOLEIC ACID, and ARCHIDONIC ACID required by the infant.
-When low-fat milk is used for a prolonged period of time or when milk
substitutes are used because allergy, consideration must be given to the
inclusion of the essential fatty acids.
MINERALS
- When compared with the needs of the adults, all minerals and
vitamins are required in proportionately greater amounts by the
infant.
- During the first four months, liberal status of iron of the healthy
infant may suffice for the rapidly expanding blood circulation, but
thereafter, special emphasis must be placed on the inclusion of iron-
rich foods lest anemia will result.
*4th or 5th month – enough iron is stored in the liver of the normal
infant.
-This deficiency is usually overcome by the addition of solid food
supplements (egg yolk, fortified cereals, vegetables, and fruits).
VITAMINS
- If the diet of a nursing mother is nutritionally adequate, the
vitamins necessary for the infant will be contained in the milk, with
the exception of vitamin D and possibly ascorbic acid. The same is
true for cow’s milk, except that ascorbic acid is rarely sufficient.
Therefore, it is desirable to administer tomato or orange juice very
early in life, regardless of whether the baby is breastfed or formula-
fed.
- Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is essential in the diet of infants.
-The minimum daily requirement of this vitamin is believed to be
between 60 and 100 micrograms.
-Pyridoxine is destroyed during sterilization in ratio to the degree of
temperature and the length of the time of the heat.
-Infants given a daily dose of 2,000 IU of vitamin D achieve less
growth than infants receiving 135 IU and far less than those given
400 IU.
-Any normal infant ingesting 18 oz of cow’s milk, or a comparable
amount in a bottled-fed milk food, or its equivalent of human milk
(24 oz), receives all the vitamin A and all the vitamin B fractions
(including vitamin B12) needed for optimum growth.
WATER
-The daily fluid needs of the infant are approximately 2.5 oz per lb of body
weight. –His/Her water balance is more easily disturbed than that of the
adult because of the large fluid losses through the skin and respiration, and
because of the needs for elimination.
-The requirement for water varies from 10% to 15% of the body weight, or
1½-2½ oz per lb of body weight.
BREASTFEEDING
-Breastfeeding has physiologic and psychologic value for the mother and her
infant.
- Breast milk is clean.
- Breast milk is easily digested.
- Breast milk is non-allergenic.
- Breastfeeding is beneficial to the health of the mother ht hastens the
return of her uterus to its normal size.
Breastfeeding may not be advisable when the mother has:
*syphilis
*diabetes
*AIDS
* any severe acute infections.
*It is not encouraged when the mother is under emotional and mental stress or if
another pregnancy follows.
*Mothers who smoke heavily
*who take contraceptive pills and drugs should refrain from breastfeeding Other
contraindications include metabolic abnormalities or severe prematurity of the
newborn which requires the use of special therapeutic formulas
BOTTLE FEEDING
- Bottle feeding is feeding the infant with formula designed to match the
nutritional ratio of breast milk composition, diluted with water to reduce protein
and mineral concentration, and added with carbohydrate to increase energy value.
- Bottle feeding may meet the needs of a working mother. The formula must be
prepared under clean conditions and sterilized to prevent contamination.
- Bottle or artificial feeding with cow’s milk or other proprietary milk preparations
is recommended only when breastfeeding is contraindicated.
-Artificial feeding is costly.
- Artificial feeding is associated with infantile obesity or “protein calorie
malnutrition plus.”
MIXED FEEDING
- Mixed feeding is a combination of breastfeeding and bottle feeding, with
either one predominating.
- When bottle is given to complete a single breastfeeding because of
insufficiency of the mother’s milk, it is referred to as complemented.
- The method is called supplemental when the bottle is used to replace one or
more breastfeeding sessions such as when the mother is away from home for
periods longer than the feeding intervals.
- Mixed feeding, however, is not encouraged as it may lead to lactation failure.
FORMULA PREPARATION
1. Aseptic Method
The equipment and ingredients are sterilized separately either by steam or by boiling
water for at least 25 minutes. The next step is to funnel the sterile formula into sterile
bottles, nippled, and then capped.
2. Terminal Method
The formulas are poured into clean but unsterilized bottles and are sterilized together.
SUPPLEMENTARY FOODS
- Mother’s milk is the best for the baby. However, breast milk alone cannot
meet the baby’s needs after 6 months.
- Earlier, when the baby is 3 months of age, his/her mother should start
familiarizing him/her with the taste and texture of the other foods that
he/she will eventually need for normal growth and development.
1. Second Month – Liquids like rice water, vegetable water, or kalamansi juice
may be introduced depending on the infant’s acceptance and tolerance.
2. Fourth Month – Scraped banana or papaya or thin lugaw or commercial
cereal pop like Cerelac and Ceresoy may be given to the 4-month-old infant.
3. Fifth Month to Sixth Month – Full diet consisting of puréed meat, egg, fruit,
vegetables, and cereals can be introduced to the baby.
4. Seventh Month to Eighth Month – Foods are chopped finely not strained-to
teach mastication.
5. Ninth Month to Twelfth Month – Whole tender foods or foods chopped
coarsely are given.
Diarrhea
- Diarrhea is most frequently caused by bacteria and viruses although both
overfeeding and underfeeding can also cause diarrhea.
- Cow’s milk causes allergy to some infants leading also to diarrhea.
VOMITING
- Vomiting is commonly seen in infants during the first few days As in
diarrhea, special attention must be given to fluid replacement.
- Other modifications may include reducing the number of feedings,
acidifying milk, or making it a point to burp the infant after every feeding
ALLERGY
- Eczema is the most common sign of allergy in infants before 9 months of
age
- When protein of milk is the offending ingredient, it is referred to as milk
allergy In lactose intolerance, the enzyme that hydrolyzes the carbohydrate
lactose in milk into glucose and galactose is present, increasing the gut fluid
volume Bacteria in colon ferment the lactose and a variety of
gastrointestinal symptoms occur with varying severity.
ALLERGY
- Eczema is the most common sign of allergy in infants before 9 months of
age
- When protein of milk is the offending ingredient, it is referred to as milk
allergy In lactose intolerance, the enzyme that hydrolyzes the carbohydrate
lactose in milk into glucose and galactose is present, increasing the gut fluid
volume Bacteria in colon ferment the lactose and a variety of
gastrointestinal symptoms occur with varying severity.
- Infrequent bowel movements are not really the problem in infants but the
pain on the passage of stools, the inability to complete a movement
though the urge is strong, blood in the stools, and involuntary soiling of
clothes between movements.
To overcome constipation, the following measures may be taken.
Weight Gain
A steady weight gain of 150 to 240 g/week that slows down toward the
end of the first year to about 120 g/week is considered as in infarthe
proper weight gain (doubled birth weight at the end of 5 months ending
and tripled at the end of 1 year).
Length
Baby length increases by about 25.4 cm or 50% more at the of the first
year.
Behavioral Development
0-1 month-suckles and smiles
2-3 months – vocalizes and controls
4-5 months-controls hand and rolls over
6-7 months – sits briefly and crawls
8-9 months-grasps and pulls up
10-11 months – walks with support and stands alone
12 months – starts to walk alone
Nutrients of Concern
- Important concerns during childhood include
excessive intakes of calories, sodium, and fat, especially
saturated fat.
- Nutrients most likely to be consumed in inadequate
amounts are calcium, fiber, vitamin E, magnesium, and
potassium.
Nutrition in
Adolescence
- The slow growth of childhood abruptly and dramatically increases with
pubescence until the rate is as rapid as that of early infancy.
- Adolescence is a period of physical, emotional, social, and sexual
maturation.
- Approximately 15% to 20% of adult height and 50% of adult weight are
gained during adolescence.
🅴🅰🆃🅸🅽🅶 🅿🆁🅰🅲🆃🅸🅲🅴
- In early adolescence, peer pressure overtakes parental influence
on food choices. As the adolescent becomes increasingly
independent, more selfselected meals and snacks are purchased
🅽🆄🆃🆁🅸🅴🅽🆃🆂 🅲🅾🅽🅲🅴🆁🅽
- Adolescents are at risk of consuming inadequate amounts of several
nutrients, such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, vitamin A, and
fiber, because they are underconsuming several food groups.
Weight Management
Good nutrition can help you shed excess pounds — without food
cravings or feeling hungry. This is because healthy foods are packed
with nutrients, unlike processed foods, which are typically loaded
with fat, sugar, and salt. Nutritional deficiencies are what cause
cravings for quick-energy-fix foods like candy and chips. Without
them, you put an end to your unhealthy cravings.
Why weight is important to us?
• Health and overall well-being
• Disease prevention
• Competitive sports/training
• Looks
• Self-esteem
Role of Good Nutrition in Weight Management
Good nutrition can help you shed excess pounds — without food
cravings or feeling hungry. This is because healthy foods are packed
with nutrients, unlike processed foods, which are typically loaded
with fat, sugar, and salt. Nutritional deficiencies are what cause
cravings for quick-energy-fix foods like candy and chips. Without
them, you put an end to your unhealthy cravings.
Why weight is important to us?
• Health and overall well-being
• Disease prevention
• Competitive sports/training
• Looks
• Self-esteem
Role of Good Nutrition in Weight Management
Good nutrition can help you shed excess pounds — without food
cravings or feeling hungry. This is because healthy foods are packed
with nutrients, unlike processed foods, which are typically loaded
with fat, sugar, and salt. Nutritional deficiencies are what cause
cravings for quick-energy-fix foods like candy and chips. Without
them, you put an end to your unhealthy cravings.
Why weight is important to us?
• Health and overall well-being
• Disease prevention
• Competitive sports/training
• Looks
• Self-esteem
Role of Good Nutrition in Weight Management
Good nutrition can help you shed excess pounds — without food
cravings or feeling hungry. This is because healthy foods are packed
with nutrients, unlike processed foods, which are typically loaded
with fat, sugar, and salt. Nutritional deficiencies are what cause
cravings for quick-energy-fix foods like candy and chips. Without
them, you put an end to your unhealthy cravings.
Why weight is important to us?
• Health and overall well-being
• Disease prevention
• Competitive sports/training
• Looks
• Self-esteem
BMI : Index of the relationship between height and
weight
How to compute BMI
Calculate BMI using Metric Measurements
Nutrition Eating Disor
PSYCHOLOGICAL/EMOTIONAL FACTORS
• Low self-esteem
• Feelings of inadequacy of failure
• Feeling out of control
• Response to change (puberty)
• Response to stress (sports,dance)
• Personal illness
INTERPERSONAL FACTORS
• Troubled family and personal relationships
• Difficulty expressing emotions and feelings
• History of being teased or ridiculed based on size or weight.
• History of physical or sexual abuse.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS
• Cultural pressures that glorify thinness and place value on obtaining
the perfect body.
• Narrow definitions of beauty that include only women and men of
specific body weights and shapes
• Cultural norms that value people on the basis of physical
appearance and not inner qualities and strengths
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
• Eating disorders often run in families (learn coping skills and
attitudes in family)
• Genetic component research about brain and eating in taking place
(certain chemicals in the brain control hunger, appetite and
digestion have been found unbalanced).
Nutrition and Bone Health
"As a rough rule of thumb, I tell patients that a cup of milk, yogurt,
calcium-fortified orange juice, almonds, beans, or certain greens
[kale, spinach, broccoli] has about 300 milligrams [mg] of calcium. I
think that’s easy to remember," Dr. Rosen says.
Fortified juices and nut milks have extra calcium. For example,
fortified orange juice contains about 300 mg of calcium per cup,
compared with 27 mg in regular orange juice. A cup of almond milk
has 450 mg of calcium.
If you can’t get enough calcium in your diet, take a low-dose calcium
supplement to reach your daily RDA goal, but not more. Some studies
show that large doses of calcium pills may increase the risk for
developing kidney stones and possibly increase the risk of having a
heart attack.
VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is important for many body systems, especially bones.
Vitamin D helps our bodies to absorb calcium (in the gut, which
sends it to the bloodstream), and to regulate blood levels of calcium
and phosphorus (which are needed to build bone)
Our bodies make vitamin D when sunlight turns a chemical in the
skin into vitamin D3, which the body then transforms into an active
form of vitamin D. But be careful about sun exposure; if it’s longer
than a few minutes, you’ll need sunscreen to reduce your risk of skin
cancer.
It’s possible to get some of your vitamin D from food, but few foods
contain it. "A 6-ounce portion of salmon has about 1,000 international
units [IU] of vitamin D. You can drink vitamin D–fortified milk or
orange juice, and certain mushrooms also have vitamin D," Dr. Rosen
says.
To figure out how much protein you need, multiply your weight in
pounds by 0.36. For example, a 170-pound person would need to eat
about 61 grams of protein per day (170 × 0.36 = 61.2).
That may sound like a lot, but protein adds up quickly if you eat the
right foods. For example, a breakfast of one-and-a-half cups of bran
cereal with a cup of skim milk starts you out with 14 grams of
protein. A midmorning snack of half a cup of low-fat cottage cheese
and some blueberries adds another 12 grams. For lunch, a small
spinach salad with half a cup of cooked lentils and 3 ounces of
salmon or chicken gives you another 30 grams. That’s already 56
grams before dinner! But don’t overdo it on protein intake; the jury is
still out on whether too much dietary protein is safe for bones.
TWO FOR ONE
You get a two-for-one benefit when you eat proteins that are also
calcium-rich. Examples include canned salmon (with the bones) or
sardines, beans, dairy products (cheese, yogurt, cottage cheese, milk),
leafy greens, and nuts.
And the best way to ensure healthy bones is not only eating right but
also maintaining a healthy lifestyle that includes daily weight-bearing
exercise (such as brisk walking and weight training), limiting alcohol
intake, and not smoking. All of those lifestyle habits are linked to
another benefit: warding off chronic disease. Take advantage of these
"two-fers" and protect your bones if you aren’t already doing it.
Thank You