PUMPS

UNIT EECQ - 3232 : IB 60 hours 1.25 Units

Pumps and Turbines
Pumps
pumps:
Centrifugal and reciprocating: types, classifications, construction features, operation and
efficiencies, Performance characteristics, selection criteria, cavitation, maximum suction lifts.
Turbines
Turbines:
Types, basic design principles, and performance characteristics, selection criteria.
Basic equation of wave motion, small amplitude wave theory and wave transformations.
Power transmission by pipelines.
• Definitions: PUMPS
• A pump is a device that is used for lifting liquid from ground sources to the upper top surface
or from one place to another place. It draws a liquid through an inlet and forces the liquid
through an outlet.
• Turbines:- A hydraulic machine for producing a rotary mechanical power from the energy of
falling stream of water. It used to generate electrical power.
• The working principle of a pump is the opposite of that of a Turbine.
• Pumps are operated by the mechanism that is rotary, reciprocating and it consumes energy
while performing mechanical work which is moving fluid from one place to another.
• This can be operated by many energy resources which include manual operation, electricity,
engine, wind power and many more, day to day life to industrial applications.
• Types of Pumps:
• A pump can broadly be classified into two broad categories:
• 1. Positive Displacement Pumps
• 2. Roto Dynamic Pumps
• 3. Special effect pumps
 PUMPS
• Positive Displacement Pump;
• There are two types of Positive Displacement Pump, and these are:
• Rotary Pumps
• 1. Single Rotor Pump (For example, Piston Pump, Vane Pump, Screw Pump)
• 2. Multiple Rotor Pump (For example, Gear pump, Lobe pumps)
• Reciprocating Pumps
• 1. Diaphragm Pump (For example, Fluid Operated Pump, Mechanically Operated Pump)
• 2. Piston Plunger Type Pump- Single acting, double acting, Multicylinder
• 3. Suction pumps
• 4. Force pump – Similar to suction pump
• Types of pumps: PUMPS
• Also, there are two types of Positive Displacement Pump, and those are:
• Rotary Pump
• 1. Single Rotor Pump (For example, Piston Pump, Vane Pump, Screw Pump)
• 2. Multiple Rotor Pump (For example, Gear pump, Lube pump)
• Reciprocating Pump
• 1. Diaphragm Pump (For example, Fluid Operated Pump, Mechanically Operated Pump)
• 2. Piston Plunger Type Pump
• And again Roto Dynamic Pumps can be classified into two types:
• 1. Centrifugal Pump
• 2. Other Pumps – Axial flow pumps, Radial flow pumps and Mixed flow pumps
• Special effect pumps
• 1. Jet pumps
• 2. Airlift pumps
• 3. Hydraulic Rams(Hydram)
 PUMPS
• Pump Definition:
• A pump is a device that is used for lifting the liquid from ground sources to the upper top
surface or from one place to another place.
• Pumps are operated by the mechanism that is rotary, reciprocating and it consumes energy
while performing mechanical work which is moving fluid from one place to another.
• This can be operated by many energy resources which include manual operation, electricity,
engine, wind power and many more, day to day life to industrial applications.
• Types of Pumps:
• A pump can broadly be classified into two broad categories:
• 1. Positive Displacement Pumps
• 2. Roto Dynamic Pumps
• Also, there are two types of Positive Displacement Pump, and those are:
• Rotary Pump
• 1. Single Rotor Pump (For example, Piston Pump, Vane Pump, Screw Pump)
• 2. Multiple Rotor Pump (For example, Gear pump, Lobe pump)
 PUMPS CONT…
• Rotodynamic pumps;
• In this case a rotating element called the Impeller imparts energy to the liquid and then there is a pressure rise.
• They are in the class of Turbomachines in which there is a change of momentum in a moving fluid
• Force is exerted on the vanes (blades, runner) and work is done by displacement of the vanes.
• Example: good examples are centrifugal pumps- called centrifugal because centrifugal force is responsible for variation of pressure due to
rotation when they are operating.
• Most important components of centrifugal pumps:
• 1. Impellers- also known as a rotor. On it a series of curved vanes. Forces water into a rotating motion.
• 2. Casing – provided for housing the impeller – can be; diffuser casing;Volute casing and Vortex casing.
• 3. Suction pipe – a pipe whose upper end is connected to the pump.- It has a footvalve and strainer unit
• 4. Delivery pipe – Lower end of this is connected to the pump.
• 5. Delivery valve- connected between pump outlet and lower end of the delivery pipe.
• 6. Prime mover – Used to rotate the impeller.- Diesel engine, electric motor i.e DC and AC motors etc…..Pump is coupled to the prime
mover
• They can be; -axial flow pumps; - Radial flow pumps; - Mixed flow pumps. This depends on action of water on entering the casing into
the impeller.
• On basis of Impellers –may be classified as (a) closed or shrouded(b) semi-open impeller;(c)open impellers.
• On basis of casing – Volute casing; Diffuser casing; vortex casing(Whirlpool)
 Pump cont.…
• Reciprocating Pump :
• A reciprocating pump is a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.
• Here a certain volume of liquid is collected in the enclosed volume and is discharged using
pressure to the required application.
• Reciprocating pumps are more suitable for low volumes of flow at high pressures.
• The reciprocating pump having two types: 
• Single-acting reciprocating pump
• Double acting reciprocating pump
 Reciprocating pumps
• Parts of Reciprocating Pump:
• These are the main parts of a Reciprocating Pump:
• Suction Pipe
• Suction Valve
• Delivery Pipe
• Delivery Valve
• Cylinder
• Piston and Piston Rod
• Crank and Connecting Rod
• Strainer
• Air Vessel
 Reciprocating pumps
• Suction Pipe:
• It is used to suck the water from the water reservoir to the cylinder.
• It connects the inlet of the pump with the water tank.
• Suction Valve:
• The suction valve is a non-return valve which means the only one-directional flow is possible
in this type of valve.
• This is placed between the suction pipe inlet and the cylinder.
• During suction of liquid, it is opened and during discharge, it is closed.
• Delivery Pipe:
• It is a pipe that is used to deliver the water from the cylinder to the desired location.
• It connects the outlet of the pump to the tank where the water is to be delivered.
• Delivery Valve:
• Delivery valve also non-return valve placed between the cylinder and delivery pipe outlet.
• It is in a closed position during suction and opened position during the discharging of liquid.
 Working of a R-Pump
• Working of a Reciprocating Pump:
• The reciprocating pump consists of a piston that moves forward and backward in a close-fitting
cylinder. The movement of the piston is obtained by connecting the piston rod to crank through
a connecting rod. The crank is rotated using an electric motor. 
• Suction and Delivery Pipes with a suction valve and a delivery valve are connected to
the cylinder. The suction and delivery valves are non return valves, which allow the water to
flow in one direction only. 
• The suction valve allows water from the suction pipe to the cylinder and where the delivery
valve allows water from the cylinder to the delivery pipe only.
Working of a R-Pump
 Working of a R-Pump
• Reciprocating Pump When the crank starts rotating, the piston moves in the cylinder. when a
crank is at A, the piston is at the extreme left position in the cylinder. As the crank is rotating
from A to C,(θ=0º to 180º) the piston is moving towards the right in the cylinder. The movement
of the piston towards the right creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder. But on the surface of the
liquid in the sump atmospheric pressure is acting, which is more than the pressure inside the
cylinder. 
• Thus the liquid is forced into the suction pipe from the sump. This liquid opens the suction
valve and enters into the cylinder.
• When a crank is rotating from C to A (θ=180º to 360º), the piston from the extreme right
position starts moving toward left in the cylinder. 
• The movement of the piston towards the left increases the pressure of the liquid inside the
cylinder more than the atmospheric pressure. 
• Hence the Suction valve closes and the delivery valve opens. The liquid is forced into the
delivery pipe and is raised to a Required Height.
 Reciprocating pumps
• Piston and Piston Rod:
• A piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and forwards inside the hollow
cylinder, to perform suction and delivery of liquid.
• Piston rod helps the piston to its linear motion.
• Crank and Connecting Rod:
• Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to the power source like motor, engine, etc,
for its rotation.
• Connecting rod connects the crank to the piston, as a result, the rotational motion of the crank
gets converted into linear motion of the piston.
• Strainer:
• A strainer is provided at the end of the suction pipe to prevent the entrance of solids from a
water source into the cylinder.
• Air Vessel:
• Air vessels are connected to both suction and delivery pipes to eliminate the frictional head
 and to give a uniform discharge rate.
 Centrifugal pumps
• Centrifugal Pump:
• The hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy is
called Pumps.
• The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy if the mechanical energy is
converted into pressure energy by means of a centrifugal force acting on the fluid,
the hydraulic machine is called a Centrifugal Pump.
• Materials for centrifugal pumps:
• 1. Stainless steel - 0 – 3.5 pH
• 2, Completely bronze - 3.5 – 6.0 pH
• 3,Bronze, C.I or both - 6 – 8 pH
• 4. Cast Iron or steel 8 – 14 pH
Centrifugal pumps
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• Main Parts of Centrifugal Pump:
• Impeller
• Casing
• Suction pipe with a foot valve
• strainer and
• Delivery pipe
• Impeller:
• An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump which transfers energy from the motor that
drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the fluid outwards from the center of
rotation.
• Casing:
• The Casing that receives the fluid being pumped by the impeller, slowing down the fluid’s rate of flow.
• A volute is a curved funnel that increases in area as it approaches the discharge port.
• Suction pipe with a foot valve and Strainer: A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the
pump and another end dips into the water in a sump is known as a suction pipe.
 Centrifugal pumps
• Suction pipe with a foot valve and Strainer:
• A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the pump and another end dips into the
water in a sump is known as a suction pipe.
• A foot valve is found at the end of a pipeline in a suction lift application.
• They function as a check valve, but they also have a strainer affixed to their open end.
• Delivery pipe:
• A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other ends delivers the
water at a required height is known as a Delivery pipe.
 Working of a centrifugal pump
• Working Principle of Centrifugal Pump:
• The Centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means
that flow in a centrifugal pump is in the radial outward directions.
• The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which means that when a
certain mass of liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating
liquid takes place.
• The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of the
tangential velocity of the liquid at that point.
• Therefore the rise in pressure head   =
• Thus at the outlet of the impeller, where the radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be
more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high-pressure head.
• Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.
 Working of centrifugal pumps

• Applications of Centrifugal Pumps are:

• Centrifugal pumps are used in buildings for pumping the general water supply, as a booster and
for domestic water supplies.
• The design of a centrifugal pump makes them useful for pumping sewage and slurries.
• They are also used in fire protection systems and for heating and cooling applications.
• Beverage industry: Used to transfer juice, bottled water, etc.
• Dairy industry: Used to transfer dairy products such as milk, buttermilk, flavored milk, etc.
• Various industries (Manufacturing, Industrial, Chemicals, Pharmaceutical, Food Production,
Aerospace, etc.) for the purposes of cryogenics and refrigerants.
• Oil Energy: pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by refineries, power generation plants
 Working of centrifugal pumps
• Advantages of centrifugal Pumps:
• These are some advantages of Pump:
• As there is no drive seal so there is no leakage in the pump.
• There are very less frictional losses.
• The construction of the pump is Simple.
• Almost no noise.
• Minimum wear as compared to others.
• Disadvantages of Pump:
• These are some disadvantages of Pump:
• Produces cavitation.
• Corrosion.
• Cannot be able to work at high speed.