Structure Functions of The Eukaryotic Cell Membrane
Structure Functions of The Eukaryotic Cell Membrane
Structure Functions of The Eukaryotic Cell Membrane
Hydrophilic phosphate
Heads of phospholipids Peripheral protein
ECF
LIPID
ICF
Hydrophobic tails Integral protein
of phospholipids
Cell Membrane
– Chemicals/proteins
• Gap junctions are typically seen in cardiac and smooth
Intercellular communication
refers to the communication
between cells.
Cell communication
• Cells communicate with each other
through signaling molecules
Hello
! Hello!
• 1. Paracrine
• 2. Endocrine(hormone)
• 3. Nervous/ Neurotransmitter
• 4. Neuroendocrine/ Neurohormones
• 5. Autocrine
Paracrine
Example:
• Thyroid an endocrine gland produces the hormone
thyroxine, which regulates calorigenesis in cells all over the
body.
Hormones
• Specificity is
determined by
receptor protein
Neurocrine Signaling/Communication
•Neurocrine/ Neurotransmitter:
•Neuron secretes signal molecule called neurotransmitter
(NT)
•NT acts on receptors on neighbor (gland, another neuron
or muscle) cells. Acts locally, like a paracrine.
•Neuroendocrine:
•Neuron secretes signal molecule
•Cells receives neuronal input (neurotransmitters released
by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a
consequence of this input, release message molecules
(hormones) to the blood. In this way they bring about an
integration between the nervous system and the
endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine
integration
.
Neurohormones
• Hormones
released into
blood by
neurosecretory
neurons
• Distributed
through blood to
distant target cells
Neurotransmitters vs Neurohormones
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a
small gap to the target cells. Neurons use electrical signals as well.
Eg; Ach
Example;
cytokine interleukin-1 in monocytes.
When interleukin-1 is produced in
response to external stimuli, it can
bind to cell-surface receptors on the
same cell that produced it.
Disclaimer
• The texts, tables, figures and images contained in this course
presentation are not my own, they can be found on:
• References supplied or
• The web