Thermodynamic
Thermodynamic
Thermodynamic
THERMODYNAMICS
BY:- Ankit Singh
INDE
X System
• Introduction to Thermodynamics
• Type of Thermodynamics
• System, Surrounding and Universe
• Explanation of thermodynamics
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• Heat and Inertial energy
• Work
• State variables
• Extensive and Intensive properties
• Heat capacity
• Specify heat capacity
• Process
• Isothermal process
• Work done in isothermal process
• Adiabatic process
• Work done in adiabatic process
• Isobaric process and work done
• Isochoric process and work done
• First law of Thermodynamic
• Limitation of first law of Thermodynamic
• Second law of Thermodynamic
• Advantages of Thermodynamic study
• Reversible processes
• Irreversible processes
• Carnot engine
INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMIC
Thermodynamic Equilibrium :-
Open system
Closed system
Isolated system
EXPLANATION OF
SYSTEM
Open system :-
It is the Thermodynamics system in which matter and energy of system can
be evolved from system or share with surrounding .
Energy out
Mass out
system
System boundary
Mass in
Energy in
Closed system:-
It is the system in which only energy can be evolve from system not
matter of system .
Energy out
No mass transfer
Energy in
Isolated system:-
No mass
transfer
System No energy
transfer
System boundary
ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMIC
According to zeroth law , when the Thermodynamic system A and B are
separately in thermal equilibrium with a third Thermodynamic system C ,
then the system A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other also .
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
HEAT AND
INTERNAL ENERGY
HEAT:- It is energy that flows from higher temperature to lower temperature .
Internal energy:- Internal energy of system is the total energy possessed by the
system due to molecular motion and molecular configuration . It mean , due to
random motion of atom and molecules of system.
It is represented by .
Heat and Internal energy both depends upon temperature and volume .
WORK
DIAGRAM
EXPLANATION
STATE VARIABLE
State variable of a system are the parameters with describe
equilibrium state of the system .
All those parameters that determine thermodynamic state of the system . i.e.
P,V,T,m,p,U
Constant 3
)
2.5 Isothermal
Specific heat becomes 2
T = constt.
infinite . 1.5
0.5 )
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
WORK DONE IN
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION
W=
Constant
F = P*A
dW= F*dx
dW= (P*A).dx
dW= P.dv ……………(1)
Total work done by gas is adiabatic expansion from
W=0
CYCLIC PROCESS
𝑃1𝑉 1𝑇 1 𝑃2𝑉 2 𝑇2
𝑃4 𝑉 4 𝑇 4 𝑃3𝑉 3 𝑇 3
REVERSIBLE PROCESSES
A Thermodynamic process ( state I state f ) is said to be reversible if
the process can be to such that both the system and the surrounding
return to their original states , with no other change anywhere else in the
universe .
𝑃1𝑉 1𝑇 1 𝑃2𝑉 2 𝑇2
IRREVERSIBAL PROCESSES
𝑃1𝑉 1𝑇 1 𝑃2𝑉 2 𝑇2
Factors due to which the irreversibility of a process occurs, namely:-
I. The friction that converts the energy of the fuel to heat energy .
II. The unrestrained expansion of the fluid prevents from regaining the
original form of the fuel heat transfer through a final temperature , the
reverse of which is not possible as the forward process , in this case, is
spontaneous.
III. Maximum of two different substance that cannot be separated as the
intermixing process is again spontaneous in nature , the reverse of
which is not feasible .
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMIC
This law is simply the general law of conservation of energy as
applied to heat energy .
dQ= dU + dw
DIAGRAM
EXPLANATION
LIMATION OF FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMIC
It does no tell us about which direction heat flows .
It give the idea about final temperature of two bodies which they are
in direction contact .
SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMIC
Step 1:
Isothermal expansion: The gas is taken from P1, V1, T1 to P2, V2, T2. Heat Q1 is absorbed from the
reservoir at temperature T1. Since the expansion is isothermal, the total change in internal energy is
zero, and the heat absorbed by the gas is equal to the work done by the gas on the environment,
which is given :
Step 2:
Adiabatic expansion: The gas expands adiabatically from P2, V2, T1 to P3, V3, T2.
Here, work done by the gas is given by:
Step 3:
Isothermal compression: The gas is compressed isothermally from the state (P3, V3, T2) to (P4, V4,
T2).
Here, the work done on the gas by the environment is given by:
Step 4:
Adiabatic compression: The gas is compressed adiabatically from the state (P4, V4, T2) to (P1,
V1, T1).
Here, the work done on the gas by the environment is given by:
W4→1=μRγ−1(T1−T2)
Hence, the total work done by the gas in one complete cycle is
=
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